ICAO ANNEX 14 HELIPORT DESIGN WORKSHOP

1
ICAO ANNEX 14HELIPORT DESIGN WORKSHOP

Dr John Leverton HAI/AHS Heliport Design AC Focal
Point IFHA Representative to ICAO Aerodrome Panel
2

• AIRSPACE

3
ANGLE/SLOPE RELATIONSHIP
Angle ? - tan ? x/y Slope - Ratio -
(y/x)1 Slope - Percentage (x/y) x 100
4
ANGLE/SLOPE RELATIONSHIP
US/FAA
ICAO
Angle ? - tan ? x/y Slope - Ratio -
(y/x)1 Slope - Percentage (x/y) x 100
5
ANGLE/SLOPE RELATIONSHIP
US/FAA
Angle ? - tan ? x/y Slope - Ratio -
(y/x)1 Slope - Percentage (x/y) x 100
6
ANGLE/SLOPE RELATIONSHIP
US/FAA
Angle ? - tan ? x/y Slope - Ratio -
(y/x)1 Slope - Percentage (x/y) x 100
ICAO
7
AIRSPACE TERMINOLOGY
FAA AC-2B APROACH/DEPARTURE
SURFACE
FAA AC-2B 21 TRANSITIONAL SRFACE
ICAO ANNEX 14 APPROACH SURFACE TAKE-OFF SURFACE
Note Text of AC-2A (1994) refers to APPROACH/
TAKEOFF PATHS
8
FAA AIRSPACE

• .
• NEW AC 150/5390-2B
• General Aviation Approach/Departure Surfaces
  should be free of penetrationsany penetrations
  of the Transitional Surface should be considered
  hazard unless FAA study determines it is not a
  hazard to air navigation.
• i.e. penetrations of Transitional Surfaces ONLY
  allowed if they are not a hazard.
• NOTE FAA ALLOWS USE OF A LATERIAL
  EXTENSION OF THE 81 SURFACE (DEFINED IN AC-2B)
  FOR PPR and HOSPITAL HELIPORTS THISIS NOT
  ADDRESSED IN THIS PRESNTATION.

9
GENERAL AVIATION HELIPORTS
APROACH/DEPARTURE SURFACE - 81
AC-2B Approach/Departure NO Penetrations Transiti
onal Penetrations if NOT an Hazard
TRANSITIONAL SURFACE 21
10
GENERAL AVIATION HELIPORTS
AC-2B Approach/Departure Surface NO Penetrations
APROACHEPARTURE SURFACE - 81
AC-2B Transitional Surface Penetrations if NOT
an Hazard
TRANSITIONAL SURFACE 21
11
AIRPSACE FAA AC 150/5390-2B

• SAME AIRSPACE REQUIREMENTS FOR ALL VMC/VFR
  OPERATIONS.
• TWO (2) APPROACH/DEPARTURE FLIGHT PATHS.
• PROTECTION ZONE UNDER APPROACH/ DEPARTURE
  FLIGHT PATH.
• AIRSPACE STARTS FROM FATO.
  ICAO STARTS FROM SAFETY AREA
• ONE (1) APPROACH/DEPARTURE FLIGHT PATH ALLOWED
  FOR PPR AND HOSPITAL HELIPORTS.
• OPTIONAL FOR PPR / NOT REQUIRED FOR HOSPITAL
  HELIPORTS.

12
AIRSPACE ICAO ANNEX 14

• DIFFERENT REQUIREMENTS FOR
• PERFORMANCE CLASS
• APPROACH AND TAKE-OFF (DEPARTURE)
• DAY/NIGHT
• TWO (2) APPROACH AND TWO (2) DEPATURE FLIGHT
  PATHS REQUIRED.
• TAKE-OFF AND APPROACH SURFACES NO PENTRATIONS
  ALLOWED.
• TRANSITIONAL SURFACES NOT REQUIRED FOR VMC/VFR
  i.e. ONLY required for IMC/IFR -NO PENTRATIONS
  ALLOWED.
• AIRSPACE STARTS FROM SAFETY AREA

13
ANNEX 14/FAA AC DIFFERENCES

• ICAO SLOPE/LENGTH OF SLOPE CHOSEN TO ENABLE
  HELICOPTER TO DECELERATE ON LANDING, ACCELERATE
  AND CLIMB TO TAKEOFF (i.e. TAKES INTO ACCOUNT
  ACTUAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS) AND AVOID
  PENETRATION OF H-V DIAGRAM
• FAA SINGLE SLOPE FOR APPROACH AND DEPARTURE
  81 FOR VFR
• FAAH-V IMPLICATIONS NOT REQUIRED TO BE
  CONSIDERED FOR DEVELOPING VFR AIRPSACE RECENT
  SOME FAA HAVE STATED THEY CAN NOT SUPPORT THIS
  WHEN DISCUSSING ANNEX 14.
• ICAO REQUIRES DIFFERENCES MAXIMUM WIDTH FOR DAY
  AND NIGHT BASED ON DESIGN HELICOPTER 7 RD
  DAY/10 RD NIGHT
• FAA MAXIMUM WIDTH 500 FT (152 m)

14
ANNEX 14/FAA AC DIFFERENCES

• FAA AC-2B
• SAME SURFACES FOR VFR APPROACH/DEPARTURE.
• SURFACES FOR NON-PRECISION IFR APPROACHES/DEPARTUR
  E. AND PRECISION IFR SEPARATE NON-PRECISION GPS
  P-in-S APPROACH AVAIABLE AND TAKEOFF SURFACES
  BEING DEVELOPED.
• FAA AC STATES VFR APPROACH/DEPARTURE PATHS MAY
  CURVE IN ORDER TO AVOID OBJECTS OR NOISE SENSTIVE
  AREAS. NO CURVED APPROACH/DEPARTURE GUIDANCE.
• ICAO ANNEX 14
• NON-INSTRUMENT INSTRUMENT NON-PRECISION (IFR)
  AND
• PRECISION (IFR) TAKE-OFF AND APPROACH
  SURFACES.
• CRITERIA FOR CURVED NON-INSTRUMENT (VFR) TAKE-OFF
  AND APPROACH SURFACES. MINIMUM RADIUS 270 m (
  886 ft)

15
ANNEX 14/FAA AC DIFFERRENCEAIRSPACE (VFR/VMC)

• FAA
• 81 BASED ON TYPICAL OPERATIONAL PROFILES,
  EXPERIENCE, SAFETY RECORD
• TRANSITION SURFACES REQUIRED.
• SAME SURFACE FOR APPROACH AND DEPARTURE
• SURFACES START FROM EDGE OF FATO
• STILL UNDER DISCUSSION FOR PPR AND HOSPITAL
  HELIPORTS
• ICAO
• 3 SEGMENT WITH INITIAL TWO SLOPES SHALLOWER
  THAN 81 BASED ON H-V CHART AND MAX TOW FLIGHT
  PROFILES
• SURFACES START FROM EDGE OF SAFETY ZONE
• TRANSITION SURFACE NOT REQUIRED FOR
  NON-INSTRUMENT (VMC/VFR) HELIPORTS
• DIFFERENT SURFACES FOR APPROACH AND DEPARTURE
• SOME DIFFERENCE IN SURFACES FOR CLASS 1, 2 AND
  3
• SEPARATE REQUIREMENTS FOR VFR DAY AND VFR NIGHT

16
AIRSPACE ISSUES

• FAA AC-2B
• DOWNWIND (TAIL WIND) OPERATIONS SHOULD BE
  AVOIDED
• CROSS WIND OPERATION SHOULD BE KEPT TO A
  MINIMUM
• TWO APPROACHES SEPARATED BY ANGLE DEPENDENT ON
  PREVAILNG WIND DIRECTIONS (OR IF NOT AVAIABLE
  PREFERED FLIGHT PATH ON WIND DIRECTION AND OTHER
  AT LEAST 135 DEGREES).
• ICAO ANNEX 14
• PC 2 AND PC 3 APPROACH PATH TO BE SELECTED TO
  PERMIT SAFE FORCED LANDING OR OEI LANDINGS
  (JUDGEMENT REQUIRED)
• MISSED APPROACH MUST BE CONSIDERED

17
ICAO AIRSPACE

• TRANSITIONAL SURFACE
• REQUIRED FOR IMC (IFR)
• NOT REQUIRED FOR VISUAL (VFR) OPERATIONS
• CURVED FLIGHT PATH ALLOWED MINIMUM HEIGHT FOR
  TURN CLASS 2 3 30 m (100 ft) CLASS 1- 15 m
  (50 ft)
• AIRSPACE COMPLEX THREE (3) SEPARATE SEGMENTS
  FOR EACH OPERATION CONSIDERED
• AIRSPACE REQUIREMENTS FOR
• NON-INSTRUMENT (VISUAL)
• INSTRUMENT (PRECISION) APPROACH 3º AND 6
• STRAIGHT TAKEOFF
• DIFFERENT REQUIREMENTS FOR CLASS 1, 2 AND 3

18
ICAO Annex 14 AIRSPACE
APPROACH SURFACE VMC/VFR
19
ICAO Annex 14 AIRSPACE
Helicopter Performance Classification
20
ICAO Annex 14 AIRSPACE
21
APPROACH/DEPARTURE AIRSPACE ELEVATION
156.671/8.5
FAA - 8112.57.1
ICAO Annex 14 Approach
Distance - ft
0
2000
4000
0
Distance -m
245
434
1146
500 ft / 152 m
8 12.51/4.6
12.581/7.1
22
APPROACH/DEPARTURE AIRSPACE ELEVATION
FAA Approach/Departure 81 12.5 / 7.1
23
AIRSPACE DIFFERENCES
24







APPROACH/DEPARTURE AIRSPACE PLAN
25
Example Airspace Approach
26
Example Airspace Approach
27
APPLICATION OF TRANSITIONAL SURFACES
HDSG AIRSPACE SUBGROUP PROPOSAL
28
CURVED FLIGHT PATHS
AC 150/5390-1A Nov 1969 Shallow Bank Angle
radius 700ft (213 m) AC 150/5390-1B Aug
1977 AC 150/5390-2A 2B NO
Guidance ICAO Annex 14 Minimum Radius 270 m
(886 ft) Straight section
PC 1 305 m (1000 ft)
PC 2 3 370 m(1212 ft) Also Minimum
Height Requirements
29
ICAO Annex 14 OBSTACLE LIMITATION SURFACES
30
AIRSPACE STUDY

• HDSG/1 AGREED CURRENT ANNEX 14 AIRSPACE TOO
  COMPLEX
• HDSG/1 FORMED AIRSPACE SUBGROUP HEADED BY
  CANADA
• HDSG/1 AGREED THAT FOR PC1 VALUE CORRESPONDING TO
  OEI TAKEOFF AND OBSTACLE CLEARANCE CRITERIA
  SHOULD BE USED.
• HDSG/1 PC2/PC3 NOT MUCH SUPPORT FOR 81
  (12.5) USED IN US. FAA STRESSED NEED TO FIND
  WAY TO ALLOW THIS SINCE US WOULD MOST LIKELY NOT
  CHANGED ITS POSITION. IT WAS SUGGESTED IT COULD
  BE USED FOR PC3

31
AIRSPACE STUDY

• AIRSPACE SUBGROUP PROPOSALS ISSUES EARLIER THIS
  MONTH (January 2005)
• PROPOSALS
• - Single fight path allowed (but not
  recommended)
• - Three (3) segment replaced with two (2)
  segment
• - Single (combined) Approach and Take-off
  Surface
• - 12.5 (81) first segment slope for PC3 if
  two (2) flight paths
• - 16 (6.251) first segment for PC2 if
  two (2) flight paths
• - Slope set by performance and obstacle
  clearance requirements for PC1
• - 21 Transitional Surfaces required for single
  flight paths and if second flight path is at an
  angle of 135 degrees or less.
• - Addition information on criteria for curved
  flight paths
• For 245 m (803 ft) starting at the edge of
  the safety area second segment 16(6.251) for
  803 m ( 2634 ft) total length 1075 m (3527 ft).
• NOT yet fully examined hence only limited
  overview presented

32
CURVED FLIGHT PATHS
HDWG AIRSPACE SUBGRUOP PROPOSAL Transport Canada
Heliport Design Standards Exception from
Paragraphs 302.03(1)(a), 302.03(2)(b) and
302.07(1)(a)(I) and (ii) of the Canadian Aviation
Regulations.
33
CURVED FLIGHT PATHS
HDWG AIRSPACE SUBGRUOP PROPOSAL Transport Canada
Heliport Design Standards
34
THANK YOU
Dr John W. Leverton, Leverton Associates,
Inc Tel [phone] / Email levai_at_verizon.net