Fungi

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Fungi

• Topic 7 BOT 3015

Bill Outlaw, Instructor
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Lecture Outline (a)
1. Cladogram of FungiDisclaimer (Coverage of
Fungi in BOT 3015 is not comprehensive) 2.
Attributes of Fungi3. Zygomycetes4.
Ascomycetes5. Basidiomycetes
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Lecture Outline (b)
1. Cladogram of FungiDisclaimer (Coverage of
Fungi in BOT 3015 is not comprehensive) 2.
Attributes of Fungi3. Zygomycetes4.
Ascomycetes5. Basidiomycetes
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Fungus Theme Slide (a) taken from NIH Fungal
Genome White Paper
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Fungus Theme Slide (b)
. . . 1 of fungal species quite a bit
different morphologically than other species
(e.g. they are flagellated). In BOT 3015,
Chytrids will be ignored.
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Fungus Theme Slide (c)BOT 3015
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Lecture Outline (c)
1. Cladogram of FungiDisclaimer (Coverage of
Fungi in BOT 3015 is not comprehensive)2.
Attributes of Fungi3. Zygomycetes4.
Ascomycetes5. Basidiomycetes
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Attributes of fungi (a)
Large number of species
Mode of nutrition, absorption (more later)
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Fungal Mode of Nutrition (more later)
Fungi secrete enzymes (red symbol), which
break complex molecules into smaller building
blocks, such as simple sugars and amino acids
(black symbols). The simple molecules are
absorbed by the fungus.
Thanks to Robert Hebert for assistance in the
preparation of this slide.
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Attributes of fungi (b)
Large number of species
Mode of nutrition, absorption (more later)
Body plan, filamentous (or occasionally
unicellular). Filaments may be organized complex
structures (e.g. fruiting bodies, like a
mushroom, or rhizomorphs).
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Rhizomorph
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Attributes of fungi (c)
Large number of species
Mode of nutrition, absorption (more later)
Body plan, filamentous (or occasionally
unicellular). Filaments may be organized complex
structures (e.g. fruiting bodies, like a
mushroom, or rhizomorphs).
Primarily terrestrial. Some in very dry
environments (salted meat, jelly)
Growth is rapid and occurs at the tip.
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Fungal Growth at the Tip
Image from http//helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/bto/microbes
/apical.htm
Golgi (G)-derived vesicles (V) containing
enzymes and preformed structural elements move to
the tip via cytoskeletal elements (M,
microtubules, or actin or myosin).
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Attributes of fungi (d)
Large number of species
Mode of nutrition, absorption (more later)
Body plan, filamentous (or occasionally
unicellular). Filaments may be organized complex
structures (e.g. fruiting bodies, like a
mushroom, or rhizomorphs).
Primarily terrestrial. Some in very dry
environments (salted meat, jelly)
Growth is rapid and occurs at the tip.
Walls based on chitin (review previous) high
protein content
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Attributes of fungi (e)
Able to maintain large membrane potential. ( .
. . Thus, the ability to take up dilute
substances by co-transport.)
Pi kept low (polyphosphates have a role?),
membrane permeability to H low at low pH. (Some
reservations about details.)
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Attributes of fungi (f)
Spores that are dispersed by wind or animals.
Zygotic Meiosis (review this type of sexual
life cycle). The focus in BOT 3015 will be on
the simple life cyclessome are exceedingly
complex.
Generally small genome (10x E. coli, 0.01x
mammals) that is compact.
Cell molecular details different from higher
eukaryotes(a) membrane does not disintegrate
during nuclear division (b) no flagella and thus
no centrioles (c) asynchronous chromosome
migration (d) details of histones.
heterokaryosis (mutation or sex, more later)
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Attributes of fungi (g)
Key role in recycling in the ecosystem.
Very adaptive.
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Classificationusing sexual reproduction
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Lecture Outline (d)
1. Cladogram of FungiDisclaimer (Coverage of
Fungi in BOT 3015 is not comprehensive) 2.
Attributes of Fungi3. Zygomycetes4.
Ascomycetes5. Basidiomycetes
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Zygomycetes (a)
Ca. 1000 species.
Important role in some plant diseases.
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Mucor on Summer Squash
Thanks to Robert Hebert and Kim Riddle for this
image.
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Zygomycetes (b)
Ca. 1000 species.
Important role in some plant diseases.
Major environmental role in endomycorrhizae. .
. . Given the inclusion of the Gomales within the
Zygomycetes, and as discussed earlier.
Key distinguishing characteristiczygospore.
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Zygospores of Rhizopus nigricans
Thanks to Robert Hebert and Kim Riddle for this
image.
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Zygomycetes (c)
Ca. 1000 species.
Important role in some plant diseases.
Major environmental role in endomycorrhizae. .
. . Given the inclusion of the Gomales within the
Zygomycetes.
Key distinguishing characteristiczygospore.
No crosswalls, except where reproductive
structures or cut off.
Asexual reproduction in sporangiophore at tip
of hyphae.
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Zygomycete life cycle
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Lecture Outline (e)
1. Cladogram of FungiDisclaimer (Coverage of
Fungi in BOT 3015 is not comprehensive) 2.
Attributes of Fungi3. Zygomycetes4.
Ascomycetes5. Basidiomycetes
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Ascomycetes (a)
Terrestrial or aquatic.
Important role in some plant diseases.
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Podosphaera leucotricha (powdery mildew on Granny
Smith apple tree).
Thanks to Robert Hebert and Kim Riddle for this
image.
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Botryosphaeria dothidea on Adina apple
Thanks to Robert Hebert and Kim Riddle for this
image.
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Diaporthe perniciosa on Anna apple
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Cercosporella rubi on Shawnee blackberry
Thanks to Robert Hebert and Kim Riddle for this
image.
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Ascomycetes (b)
Terrestrial or aquatic.
Important role in some plant diseases.
Several representative species in Tallahassee.
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Xylaria sp.
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Helvella sp.
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Hypoxylon sp.
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Ascomycetes (c)
Terrestrial or aquatic.
Important role in some plant diseases.
Several representative species in Tallahassee.
Filamentous with perforated crosswalls.
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Ascomycete wall perforation (a)
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Ascomycete wall perforation (b)
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Ascomycetes (d)
Terrestrial or aquatic.
Important role in some plant diseases.
Several representative species in Tallahassee.
Filamentous with perforated crosswalls.
Asexual reproduction via conidia.
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Condiophore
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Ascomycetes (e)
Terrestrial or aquatic.
Important role in some plant diseases.
Several representative species in Tallahassee.
Filamentous with perforated crosswalls.
Asexual reproduction via conidia.
Ascospores/Asci distinguishing
characteristic.
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Appearance of prototypical Ascomycete
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Asci lining the fruiting body of Peziza
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Ascomycete life cycle
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Ascomycetes (f)
Lichens are an association between an alga and
a fungus. The fungus is usually an Ascomycete
(sometimes a Basidiomycete). The alga(e) is a
cyanobacterium or green alga.
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Cladonia sp.
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Mixed lichens
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Ascomycetes (g)
Lichens are an association between an alga and
a fungus. The fungus is usually an Ascomycete
(sometimes a Basidiomycete). The alga(e) is a
cyanobacterium or green alga.
Fungi that do not have a known sexual life
cycle otherwise generally favor Ascomycetes.
These fungi are named Fungi Imperfecti or
Deuteromycetes.
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Lecture Outline (f)
1. Cladogram of FungiDisclaimer (Coverage of
Fungi in BOT 3015 is not comprehensive) 2.
Attributes of Fungi3. Zygomycetes4.
Ascomycetes5. Basidiomycetes
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Basidiomycetes (a)
Many common examples around Tallahassee
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Phallus ravenelii
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Leucopaxillus sp.
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Linderia columnata
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Geastrum sp.
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Pycnoporus cinnabarinus
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Marasmius sp.
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Stevenum sp.
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Hericium erinaceus
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Amanita (cokerii?)
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Lentinus edodes (shiitake)
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Cantharellus cibarius (chanterelle) (a)
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Cantharellus cibarius (chanterelle) (c)
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Cantharellus cibarius (chanterelle) (c)
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Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom)
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Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom)
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Strobilomyces floccopus
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Bolete (Example 1)
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Bolete (Example 2)
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Bolete (Example 3)
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Basidiomycetes (b)
Many common examples around Tallahassee
Hyphae are septate, but perforated (like
Ascomycetes)
Distinguishing characteristic basidiospores
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Basidia of Coprinus pileus
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Basidiomycetes (c)
Many common examples around Tallahassee
Hyphae are septate, but perforated (like
Ascomycetes)
Distinguishing characteristic basidiospores
Another distinguishing characteristic clamp
connections
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Clamp Connections
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Basidiomycetes (c)
Many common examples around Tallahassee
Hyphae are septate, but perforated (like
Ascomycetes)
Distinguishing characteristic basidiospores
Another distinguishing characteristic clamp
connections
Asexual reproduction less important than in
other fungi.
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Basidiomycete life cycle
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End
End