Title: CHAPTER 17 PLANTS, FUNGI AND THE COLONIZATION OF LAND
1CHAPTER 17 PLANTS, FUNGI AND THE COLONIZATION
OF LAND
2SYMBIOSIS CLOSE ASSOCAITION BETWEEN TWO
ORGANISMS
- PARASITISM ONE BENEFITS AND ONE IS HARMED
- COMMENSALISM ONE BENEFITS AND THE OTHER IS NOT
AFFECTED - MUTUALISM BOTH ORGANISMS BENEFIT
3FUNGI CAN BE BOTH HARMFUL AND BENEFICIAL TO PLANTS
- FUNGI CAN CAUSE DISEASE - PARASITES
- FUNGI CAN CATCH AND EAT SMALL ANIMALS
- FUNGI DECOMPOSE DEAD ORGANISMS
- FUNGUS GROW WITH THE ROOTS OF A RED PINE TREE
MYCORRHIZA FUNGUS - THE FUNGUS ABSORBS PHOSPHOROUS, WATER AND OTHER
NUTRIENTS FROM THE SOIL THAT ARE THEN AVAILABLE
TO THE PLANT - SUGARS PRODUCED BY THE PLANT BENEFIT THE FUNGUS
4FUNGI CAN DECOMPOSE DEAD ORGANISMS
- IMPORTANT BREAKDOWN ORGANIC MATTER AND RETURN
NEEDED INORGANIC MATERIALS TO THE ENVIRONMENT
5A MYCORRHIZAL FUNGUS GROWING ON A TREE
6EVOLUTION OF LIFE PLANT AND FUNGI
- FIRST PLANTS EVOLVED FROM GREEN ALGAE
- PLANTS CREATED NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR PROKARYOTES
AND PROTISTS - PLANTS MADE IT POSSIBLE FOR HERBIVORS AND
PREDATORS TO EVOLVE ON LAND
7WHAT ARE PLANTS?
- MULTICELLULAR
- EUKARYOTES
- SOME SIMILARITES TO GREEN ALGAE BUT PLANTS
SURVIVE ON LAND - OTHER DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANTS AND ALGAE
8DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANT AND ALGAE
- PLANTS GREEN ALGAE
- STEM SUPPORTS THE PLANT HOLDFAST FOR SUPPORT
NOT A RIGID SUPPORT - OBTAIN CHEMICALS FROM ENTIRE ALGAE OBTAINS SOIL
AND AIR CO2 AND MINERALS DIRECTLY FROM
WATER - LEAF PERFORMS ENTIRE ALGAE PERFORMS
PHOTOSYNTHESIS PHOTOSYNTHESIS - ABOVE AND BELOW GROUND IN WATER
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10PLANTS MOVE WATER, MINERALS AND SUGAR BY MEANS OF
A VASCULAR SYSTEM
- XYLEM TRANSPORTS WATER AND MINERALS UP THE
PLANT - PHLOEM DISTRIBUTES SUGARS
11ADAPTATIONS FOR PLANTS LIVING ON LAND
- CUTICLE PREVENT WATER LOSS
- STOMATA GAS EXCHANGE
- VASCULAR TISSUE
- ROOTS, SHOOTS AND LEAVES
- GAMETANGIA PROTECTIVE CELLS THAT SURROUND
GAMETES PREVENT GAMETES FROM DRYING OUT IN THE
AIR
12MORE ADAPTATIONS FOR PLANTS LIVING ON LAND
- EMBRYO DEVELOPS ATTACHED TO AND NOURISHED BY THE
PARENT PLANT - WIND OR ANIMAL DISPERSION OF POLLEN OR SEEDS
- SPORES WITH PROTECTIVE WALLS
13PLANTS EVOLVED FROM GREEN ALGAE
- EVOLUTION TIME LINE
- CHAROPHYCEANS GREEN ALGAE
- BRYOPHYTES MOSSES, NONVASCULAR
- VASCULAR PLANTS WITH NO SEEDS FERNS, HORSETAILS
- PLANTS WITH SEEDS CONIFERS
- FLOWERING PLANTS - ANGIOSPERMS
14- 4 lineages of plants
- Nonvascular
- Seedless vascular
- Vascular with seeds
- Flowering plants
15REVIEW OF DEFINTIONS
- DIPLOID TWO COPIES OF A GENE
- SPOROPHYTES
- HAPLOID ONE COPY OF A GENE
- GAMETOPHYTES
- FERTILIZATION - FORMS A DIPLOID ZYGOTE
- POLLINATION ARRIVAL OF POLLEN AT THE FEMALE BY
WIND OR ANIMALS - SEED CONTAINS AN EMBYO WITH A FOOD SUPPLY
WITHIN A PROTECTIVE COVERING
16HAPLOID AND DIPLOID GENERATIONS ALTERNATE IN LIFE
CYCLES
17NONVASCULAR PLANT LIFECYCLE NO SEEDS OR FLOWERS
(1)
18VASCULAR PLANT LIFECYCLE NO SEEDS OR FLOWERS (2)
19VASCULAR PLANT WITH SEEDS (3)
20VASCULAR PLANT WITH SEEDS AND FLOWERS (4)
21WHAT ARE FRUIT?
- MATURE OVARY
- HELP DISPERSE THE SEEDS
22WHAT ARE THE FOUR MAIN ORGANS OF A FLOWER?WHAT
ARE THE FEMALE PARTS AND WHAT ARE THE MALE?
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24ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF MUTUALISM?
- WHAT IS THAT?
- FLOWERING PLANTS (ANGIOSPERMS) AND LAND ANIMALS
- ANGIOSPERM DEPEND ON INSECT, BIRDS OR MAMMALS FOR
POLLINATION AND SEED DISPERSAL - LAND ANIMALS DEPEND ON ANGIOSPERMS FOR FOOD
25MUTUALISM BETWEEN FLOWERS AND ANIMALS
- BEE TAKES POLLEN FROM BAT EATS PART OF
A FLOWER, - STAMENS, WILL TRANSER WILL TRANSFER SOME
POLLEN - IT TO THE FEMALE PARTS OF TO THE NEXT
FLOWER IT - THE NEXT FLOWER IT VISITS VISITS
26FUNGI
- HETEROTROPHIC EUKARYOTES
- ACQUIRE NUTRIENTS BY ABSORPTION
- MOST GROW IN THE GROUND
- MOST ARE MUTLICELLULAR
- EXAMPLES MUSHROOMS, MOLDS
- SOME ARE UNICELLULAR - YEASTS
27UNIQUE FEATURES OF FUNGI
- HYPHAE
- THIN, BRANCHING FILAMENTS, ARE DISTINTIVE
FEATURES UNDER THE MICROSCOPE - MYCELIUM
- BRANCHES OF HYPHAE FORMING A NETWORK
28MYCELIUM ARE COMPOSED OF HYPHAE
29FEATURES OF FUNGI
- HAVE A PLASMA MEMBRANE
- HAVE A CELL WALL
- MADE OF A SUGAR CALLED CHITIN
- PLANT CELL WALL MADE OF CELLULOSE
- HYPHAE SECRETE ENZYMES THAT DIGEST PLANT CELLS SO
THAT FUNGI CAN GROW IN/ON THE PLANTS
30MORE FEATURES OF FUNGI
- MOST ARE NOT MOTILE
- DO NOT HAVE FLAGELLA OR AMOEBOID-LIKE CELLS
- MYCELLIUM GROW FAST AND BRANCHES OUT ITS HYPHAE
TO OBTAIN FOOD
31LIFE CYCLE OF FUNGI VARY
- YEAST REPRODUCE BY MITOTIC CELL DIVISION
- OTHER FUNGI HAVE THREE DISTINCT PHASES IN THEIR
LIFE CYCLE - DIPLOID PHASE
- HAPLOID PHASE
- DIKARYOTIC PHASE CELLS CONTAIN TWO DISTINCT
HAPLOID NUCLEI THAT HAVE NOT FUSED YET
32LICHENS CONSIST OF FUNGI LIVING MUTUALISTICALLY
WITH PHOTOSYNTHETIC ORGANISMS
- LICHENS ASSOCIATION OF GREEN ALGAE WITH FUNGAL
HYPHAE
33HOW IS THIS RELATIONSHIP MUTUALISTIC?
- FUNGUS RECEIVED FOOD FROM THE ALGAE (BECAUSE OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS) - FUNGUS PROVIDES A SUITABLE HABITAT FOR THE ALGAE
HELPING TO ABSORB AND RETAIN WATER AND MINERALS
34- MUTUALISTIC FUNGI
- MYCORRHIZAE
- LICHENS
- DECOMPOSERS
- PARASITIC FUNGI
- LIVE ON PLANTS
35PARASITIC FUNGI GROW ON PLANTS CAN BE TOXIC
36ANIMALS ARE LESS SUSCEPTIBLE TO FUNGAL INFECTIONS
THAN PLANTS AREBUT THEY DO CAUSE DISEASES
- MYCOSIS FUNGAL INECTION
- CAN CAUSE OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS ONLY CAUSE
AN INFECTION WHEN SOME CHANGE TAKES PLACE IN THE
BODY AND ALLOWS THE YEAST TO GROW - IF PERSON IS TAKING AN ANTIBIOTIC THEN SHE MAY
GET A YEAST INFECTION BECAUSE THE AMOUNT OF
BACTERIA HAS BEEN DECREASED - PEOPLE WITH AIDS CAN GET OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS
BECAUSE THEIR IMMUNE SYSTEM IS SUPPRESSED
37REMEMBER SOME POSITIVE FEATURES OF FUNGI
- DECOMPOSERS - RECYCLING IN AN ECOSYSTEM
- FOOD MUSHROOMS
- THE UNICELLULAR FUNGI (YEAST) ARE USED IN BAKING,
WINEMAKING AND BREWING - SOME FUNGI PRODUCE ANTIBIOTICS
38FUNGI PRODUCE ANTIBIOTICS THAT INHIBIT THE GROWTH
OF SOME BACTERIA