Design of Work Systems

1
Chapter 7

• Design of Work Systems

2
Job Design

• Job design involves specifying the content and
  methods of job
• What will be done
• Who will do the job
• How the job will done
• Where the job will be done
• Ergonomics

3
Design of Work Systems(outline)

• Specialization
• Behavioral Approaches to Job Design
• Teams
• Methods Analysis
• Motions Study
• Working conditions

4
Job Design Success

• Successful Job Design must be
• Carried out by experienced personnel with the
  necessary training and background
• Consistent with the goals of the organization
• In written form
• Understood and agreed to by both management and
  employees

5
Specialization in Business Advantages
6
Disadvantages
7
Behavioral Approaches to Job Design

• Job Enlargement
• Giving a worker a larger portion of the total
  task by horizontal loading
• Job Rotation
• Workers periodically exchange jobs
• Job Enrichment
• Increasing responsibility for planning and
  coordination tasks, by vertical loading

8
Methods Analysis
The need for methods analysis can come from a
number of different sources

• Changes in tools and equipment
• Changes in product designor new products
• Changes in materials or procedures
• Other factors (e.g. accidents, quality problems)

9
Figure 7-2
10
Motion Study

• Motion study is the systematic
• study of the human motions used
• to perform an operation.

11
Motion Study Techniques

• Motion study principles - guidelines for
  designing motion-efficient work procedures
• Analysis of therbligs - basic elemental motions
  into which a job can be broken down
• Micromotion study - use of motion pictures and
  slow motion to study motions that otherwise would
  be too rapid to analyze
• Charts

12
Developing Work Methods

• Eliminate unnecessary motions
• Combine activities
• Reduce fatigue
• Improve the arrangement of the workplace
• Improve the design of tools and equipment

13
Working Conditions
14
Working Conditions (contd)
15
Work Measurement

• Stopwatch Time Study
• Standard Elemental Times
• Predetermined Time Standards
• Work Sampling

16
Good Items to Know How to Apply Them

• Observed Time (OT)
• Normal Time (NT)
• Performance Rating (PR)
• Standard Time (ST)
• Allowance Factor (AF)

17
Example
Step 1. Observe and record times
18
Example
Step 2. Determine Normal Time (NT) Since our
worker was working faster than normal a judgment
call was used to come up with 1.25
If each element is a discrete unit then use the
following equation
19
Example
Step 3. Determine Standard Time
By the Job
By the Day
20
Team Exercise
Allowance Factor 5
21
Compensation

• Individual Incentive Plans
• Group Incentive Plans
• Knowledge-Based Pay System
• Management Compensation

22
Form of Incentive Plan

• Accurate
• Easy to apply
• Consistent
• Easy to understand
• Fair

23
Group Incentive Plans

• Scanlon Plan
• Encourage reductions in labor costs
• Kaiser Plan
• Committees suggest ways of reducing costs
• Lincoln Plan
• Profit sharing, job enlargement, and
  participative management
• Kodak Plan
• Wages/bonus related to profits