Title: Ch. 10 - Sectionalism
1Ch. 10 - Sectionalism
2Differences by mid 1800s
- North
- - More industries
- - Larger cities
- - Better Transportation and
- communication (Railroads
- telegraph)
- - More wealth
- - Immigrants became industrial
- workers feared expansion
- of slavery
- - Larger population (gave north
- control of House of
- Representatives)
- South
- - Remained rural (Plantations
- Small farms)
- - Economy relied on cash crops
- (Cotton)
- - Manufactured under 10 of
- U.S. goods
- - Few immigrants (enslaved
- African Americans met labor
- needs)
- - In 3 states, Blacks were
- majority half in
- 2 others
- - Whites fear restriction of
- slavery would change society
- economy
3Differences Between The North South
Northern States Southern States
Population 21.5 million 9 million
Number of Factories 110,100 20,600
Miles of Railroad 21,700 9,000
Bank Deposits 207 million 47 million
Cotton Production 4 thousand bales 5 million bales
4Slavery and Racism
- Abolitionist movement gained strength
- - People felt slavery was morally wrong and
paralyzed - economic growth
- Many southerners agreed that slavery was morally
wrong - - Backed slavery because they didnt know any
other - way for blacks and whites to live together
in society - Racism existed in both the north and south
- - African- Americans could not vote, serve on
juries or - hold high public offices
- - African-Americans in the north lived in poverty
5 Wilmot Proviso
Wilmot Proviso - Proposed by Pennsylvanian
Democrat David Wilmot in 1846 as an amendment to
a military appropriations bill Stated that no
slavery would be allowed in territory acquired
from Mexico
- South opposed
- - Argued that slaves were property under
Constitution feared more free states - -South worried it would lose control of the
government - - Needed the free and slave states to be equal
- North supported
- - Were afraid slavery would mean no jobs for
free workers - - Northerners wanted all of the land obtained
from Mexico to be free states
6Mexican War Impact
- Free Soil Party
- - new political party formed that demanded the
end of slavery - - Wanted Congress to give western settlers free
homesteads - - Opposed extension of slavery into territories
- - Many Free-Soilers werent abolitionists
supported restrictions on blacks - - Objected to slaverys impact on white
wage-based labor force - - Convinced of conspiracy to spread slavery
throughout U.S. - By 1850 As a result of the Gold Rush,
California skipped the Territorial Phase of
becoming a state - California asked to enter the Union as a free
state - - South wanted it divided into two states (Why?)
- The Senate begins to debate the admission of
these states as free states south begins to
discuss secession!
7Compromise of 1850
- Henry Clay presented the plan
- California entered the Union as free state
- Rest of the Mexican Cession was divided into the
territories of Utah and New Mexico - Popular Sovereignty Policy people in
territories would decide for themselves - Slave trade was abolished in Washington D.C. but
slavery permitted.
8Compromise of 1850
- Fugitive Slave Law
- - passed people in free states
- had to help catch and return
- runaway slave
- - Alleged fugitives denied jury trial,
- right to testify on own behalf
- - Federal commissioners paid more
- for returning than freeing accused
- - People convicted of helping a
- fugitive were fined, imprisoned,
- or both
- Neither the north or south liked the compromise
9Slavery Divides Whigs
- Northern, Southern Whigs split over slavery in
1852 elections - - Candidate Winfield Scott and northern Whigs
opposed the Fugitive slave Act and gave only
lukewarm support to the Compromise of 1850 - - Southern Whigs supported the Compromise to
appear both pro-slavery pro-union - Democrat Franklin Pierce elected president in
1852
10Formation of Political Parties
PARTY ESTABLISHED PLATFORMS
Free Soil 1848 Anti extension of slavery Pro Labor
Know Nothing 1854 (American Party) Anti-Immigration Anti-Catholic
Whig 1834 Pro-business Divided on Slavery
Republican 1854 (Horace Greely Opposed expansion of slavery into territories
Democratic 1840 (Democratic-Republican) States Rights Limited Government Divided on slavery
11Underground Railroad
- Northerners sent fugitives to Canada, some use
force in rescues - Personal liberty laws in 9 northern states forbid
prison for fugitives granted them jury trials - Underground Railroadsecret network of people who
help slaves escape - - Harriet Tubman escapes from slavery,
- becomes conductor on
- 19 trips
- - Fugitives go on foot
- at night, often no food,
- avoiding armed patrols
- - Some fugitives stayed
- in North others went
- on to Canada
12Uncle Toms Cabin
- Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote a book telling about
the cruel treatment of a slave - Caused many Americans to begin supporting the
abolitionist movement - Stowe pointed out that slavery was not just the
South's problem, but the nations problem - Uncle Toms Cabin showed slavery as moral
problem, not just political
13Kansas- Nebraska Act
- Senator Stephen Douglas (Illinois) - wanted to
build a transcontinental railroad from Chicago to
California - - It would have to cross the unorganized
territory of the - Great Plains
- Act called for the creation of two new
territories (KS NB) - - Both were north of the Missouri Compromise
line - Douglass bill repealed Missouri Compromise
bitter debate ensues - Act passed with support of the south
- 1854 - Kansas-Nebraska Act
- popular sovereignty
- Whig Party splintered after
- Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854
14Formation of Political Parties
PARTY ESTABLISHED PLATFORMS
Free Soil 1848 Anti extension of slavery Pro Labor
Know Nothing 1854 (Nativists) Anti-Immigration Anti-Catholic
Whig 1834 Pro-business Divided on Slavery
Republican 1854 (Horace Greely) Opposed expansion of slavery into territories
Democratic 1840 (Democratic-Republican) States Rights Limited Government Divided on slavery
15Bleeding Kansas
- Kansas became battleground over slavery
- Northern, Southern settlers pour into Kansas
Territory - Most settlers sent by antislavery emigrant aid
societies - More antislavery settlers (free soilers) than
proslavery - 1855 - Kansas holds election for territorial
legislature - Proslavery Missourians crossed the border (Border
Ruffians) and stuffed ballot boxes on election
day - Each side boycotted the election
- Set up 2 governments
- - Proslavery Govt in Lecompton - Antislavery
Govt in Topeka
16Bleeding Kansas
- May 1856 proslavery group attacked Lawrence
burned stores and home (several died) - John Brown led antislavery group that killed 5
proslavery settlers The Pottawatomie Massacre - Territory called Bleeding Kansas for incidents
that kill some 200 - 1857 Lecompton Constitution,
- - 2nd constitution drafted for Kansas
- Territory - proslavery supporters
- - Permitted slavery excluded free
- blacks from living in Kansas
- - Allowed only male citizens of the
- United States to vote.
- - There were three separate votes - the
- final vote, residents of Kansas
- Territory rejected the Lecompton
- Constitution.
17Violence in the Senate
- Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner verbally
attacked his colleagues for their support of
slavery in Kansas - - Insulted aged South Carolina Senator Andrew
Butler - for beliefs and impaired speech
- Congressman Preston S. Brooks beat
- Sumner with his cane for
- insulting his uncle
- - Caused shock and
- brain damage
- Southerners applauded
- Brooks Northerners
- condemned him
18The 1856 Election
- Republicans select John C. Frémont (mapped OR
Trail, led troops in CA) - Know-Nothing party split
- - Northerners endorsed Fremont
- - Southerners selected former U.S. presidents
Millard Fillmore - Democrats - James Buchanan of PN
- - Most of his Washington friends were
- southerners
- - Had been out of the country
- during the Kansas-Nebraska Act
- South was prepared to secede form the union if
Republicans won - James Buchanan elected secession averted
-
19Dred Scott Decision
- 1857 Dred Scott sued for freedom
- Had lived in north with his master before
returning to the south - Said that made him a free man after his masters
death - Supreme Court ruled that Scott was still a slave
- - Congress cannot forbid slavery in territories
- - Also said that Congress couldnt ban slavery
- - Only states could
- Big victory for proslavery people
20Lincoln-Douglas Debates
- 1858, Republican Abraham Lincoln ran for Stephen
Douglass Senate seat - Because Lincolns unknown, challenges Douglas to
debates
- Douglas believed slavery was backward
unsuitable for prairie agriculture - - He didnt think it was
- immoral
- - Wanted popular
- sovereignty
- to decide issue
- (thought it
- would undo slavery)
- Lincoln believed slavery was immoral
- - Lincoln though
- legislation
- needed to stop
- spread of
- slavery
21Lincoln-Douglas Debates
- 2nd Debate - Lincoln asked how to form free
states if territories must allow slavery - Douglass issued Freeport Doctrine that explained
how a territory could get around the Dred Scott
decision - - Elect leaders who do not enforce slavery
- Douglas won the seat but doctrine worsened
regional split between Democrats - Lincolns attacks on vast moral evil of slavery
drew national attention
22John Browns Attack at Harpers Ferry
- Brown was an antislavery leader who wanted to
start a slave rebellion - October 1859 Brown led a group to attack the
U.S. arsenal at Harper Valley, Virginia - - Planned to give the weapons to the
- slaves and start an uprising
- - U.S. Marines put down rebellion,
- capture Brown
- The north praised Brown and saw him as a hero
- The attack terrified the south
- Southerners become angry at the North's response
- - Ask how they could share the same
- government with people who regard
- John Brown as a hero
23Election of 1860
- Democratic Party split
- - North supported Stephen Douglass
- - South supported John C. Breckinridge
- Republican candidate was Abraham Lincoln
- 4th party Constitutional Union Party candidate
was John Bell - - Wanted a compromise to save the union)
- Two different elections
- - South election was between Breckinridge and
Bell - - North was between Douglass and Lincoln
- Abraham Lincoln won the election
with only 40 of - the popular vote (carried the more
populous northern - states - Wasnt even on part of the
southern ballots - Lincoln had never called for ending slavery he
just didnt want it to spread - - Lincoln told south he wouldnt meddle with
slaves
24Election of 1860
- South became angry that president could be
elected without any southern electoral votes
they feared they had lost control of the
government - - 18 free states and 15 slave states
- - Felt threatened that slavery would be
abolished
25Southern States Secede
- Dec. 20 1860 South Carolina seceded from the
union - Said it voluntarily joined the union it could
voluntarily leave - Other southern states leave the union in next 6
weeks - Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia,
Louisiana, and Texas
26The Confederacy Established
- February 1861 - the seceding states form a new
nation (The Confederate States of America) - Former senator Jefferson Davis of Mississippi
unanimously elected president - - Davis said that slavery was necessary for
agriculture and the wants of the civilized man - Alexander Stephens of Georgia was elected
vice-president - Only 25 of the people in the south owned slaves
- Other 75 fought battle to defend system because
they felt it gave them an advantage over blacks
27The Calm Before the Storm
- President Buchanan called secession illegal
- - Also said it was illegal to stop it
- Mass resignations from government in Washington,
D.C. (Southern city) - Some people thought the federal government was
melting away - Abraham Lincoln didnt take office until March
1961 - Would North allow the South to leave the union
without a fight?
28The Calm Before the Storm
In late December 1860 three commissioners from
the newly seceded state of South Carolina met
with lame-duck President Buchanan to negotiate
for possession of Fort Sumter, a federal
installation in Charleston Harbor. Buchanan's
attempts to stay the situation and South Carolina
governor Francis Pickens's insistence on Union
evacuation of the fort are ridiculed here.
Pickens (left) holds a lit fuse to a giant Union
cannon "Peacemaker," which is pointed at his own
abdomen. He threatens, "Mr. President, if you
don't surrender that fort at once, I'll be
"blowed" if I don't fire." Buchanan (right)
throws up his hands in alarm and cries, "Oh
don't! Governor Pickens, don't fire! till I get
out of office." In the background a steamer makes
its way across Charleston Harbor toward Fort
Sumter. The print probably appeared early in
1861, amid mounting tensions over the fate of the
fort and uneasy relations between Washington and
South Carolina.