Private vs' Public Ownership

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Private vs. Public Ownership

• By Sarah Tozer Jenna Estey

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Objectives

• Explore the different managing techniques for
  private and public ownership
• Define management issues
• Which division is more successful in wildlife
  management?
• Management of Land and Water

3
Private Ownership

• Area of land or water owned by private citizens
  or industries where public access is generally
  restricted
• Land which is not under public control and is the
  possession of a person or group
• Example Irving and homeowners

4
Public Ownership

• Government ownership and operation of an area of
  land or water for the public good
• Generally via government agencies allowing land
  access to the general public
• A common pool of resources to which everyone is
  entitled

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Why Manage?

• Conservation
• Preservation
• Sustainability
• Economic Value
• Public Need

6
History of Management

• Pre Envt. Movement
• Depletion of resources
• Wastefulness
• Ignorance
• Examples
• Bison
• Market Hunting

http//www.gpnc.org/images/jpegs/animals/bison.jpg
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History of Management

• Post Envt. Movement
• Legislation
• Public Awareness
• Lessons Learned
• Examples
• California Condor
• Global Emissions

http//cache.eb.com/eb/image?id7752
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Private vs. Public

• Water
• Lakes Rivers
• Oceans
• Wetlands

• Land
• Agriculture Farming
• Forestry
• Urban/Industrial
• Provincial Parks

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Public Land

• 89 Canada Crown Land
• 41 Federal
• 48 Provincial
• Federal and Provincial crown land varies
• Ex Federal? 10.6 in Alberta, 0.2 in Quebec
• Ex Provincial ? 95 in N.F, 2 P.E.I
• National and provincial parks, Indian reserves,
  federal military bases and provincial forests.

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Private Land

• 11 Canada Private Land
• Private land ownership varies per province
• Large Impact

• Percentage of private land ownership across
  Canada
• British Columbia 4
• Alberta 4
• Saskatchewan 1
• Manitoba 5
• Ontario 11
• Quebec 11
• New Brunswick 51
• Nova Scotia 69
• Prince Edward Island 92
• Newfoundland and Labradour 1
• Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut 0

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Public Land
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Application for Crown Land

• Land Purpose
• commercial, industrial, residential, other
• Type of commercial or industrial work
• does it produce waste? volume? disposal?
• Project Location
• near water or community?
• Construction Plans
• methods, material, time

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Land Use
http//www.ec.gc.ca/soer-ree/English/SOER/1996repo
rt/Doc/1-7-3-5-2-4-1.cfm
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Agriculture Farming

• 70 privately owned
• 5 Largest Agricultural Production Sectors
• Grain and oilseeds 34,
• Red meats (livestock) 27,
• Dairy 12,
• Horticulture 9,
• Poultry and Eggs 8

http//international.wi.gov/images/00020090Rainbow
FarmSmall.jpg
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Agriculture Farming

• Agricultural Effects on Wildlife
• Chemicals, Disease, Poisoning, Predator Control

• Wildlife Effects on Agriculture
• Crop and livestock damage
• Profit loss

http//www.seawolfhydrofarm.com/deer20eating20fo
dder.jpg
http//images.google.ca/images?qanimalkilledfro
mDDTum1hlenstart18saNndsp18
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Agriculture Farming Management

• Wildlife Damage Compensation Program
• Pays up to 80 of lost product from wildlife or
  predators
• Regulations
• Producers are responsible for initial damage
  prevention and safe farming practices
• Fencing program
• Nuisance Deer Permits
• Doe Tags

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Forestry

• Forests cover lt6 of earths surface
• 71 Provincial
• 23 Federal
• 6 Private
• Privately owned wood lots fall into 2 types
• Industrial Forest
• Non-industrial Forest
• Habitat for most of earths known species
• Being lost faster than gained

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Forestry Issues

• Forest conservation conflict
• Forests managed for maximum timber
• Example Pacific Northwest, Douglas Fir
• Deforestation
• Overlap with human habitat
• Loss of carbon sinks
• Tropical rain forests
• Extirpation of forest species

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Forestry Issues

• Soil erosion and contamination of aquatic
  ecosystems
• Affects species composition
• Economical vs. Ecological

http//www.theage.com.au/ffximage/2005/03/04/05FIS
H_wideweb__430x192.jpg
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Uncut vs. Cut Forest
http//www.sfmcanada.org/english/images/BCCoastalF
orest.jpg
http//www.topicsites.com/save-environment/logging
1.jpg
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Forest Management

• Public lands coalition request for moratorium of
  cutting timber
• Forest Act
• Forest sustainability act
• Soil conservation
• Water quality
• Fish habitat
• Critical wildlife habitat
• Reforestation

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Forest Management

• 3 ways to integrate forest management and
  biodiversity conservation
• 1) Age Structure
• 2) Spatial Patterns
• 3) Species Composition
• Solutions

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Forest Management

• Regulations
• 30 m buffer zone, 10 m allowance
• Example Irving fined under P.E.I Land Act

http//www.uku.fi/dlaakson/Logging.jpg
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Forest Ownership

• Federal
• Industrial Forest
• Crown Land
• Private Woodlots

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Urban / Industrial Management

• Builders Permit from District Planning
  Commission
• Land Inspection
• Land Survey
• Delineation
• Fees

http//www.homebase.ca/articles/images/mb_oct03/bu
ilding_permit.jpg
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Urban / Industrial Management

• Mitigation
• 4 major forms to reduce effect of development
• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

http//rfklinesurveyors.com/Survey20FAQ's_files/2
218952.jpg
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National Provincial Parks

• National Provincial Parks Public Land
• 42 National Parks 24.5 million Ha
• 100s Provincial Parks 33.2 million Ha

http//www.destination360.com/north-america/us/wyo
ming/yellowstone-national-park.php
http//wayfaring.info/images/hopewell_rocks1.jpg
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Boreal Forests
Mountains and Plains
http//www.hickerphoto.com/data/media/4/boreal_for
est_t0504.jpg
http//www.lubbockhomesguide.com/img/the-chisos-mo
untains-of-big-bend-national-park-in-texas-with-a-
cactus-plant-in-the-foreground.jpg
Lakes and Glaciers
Tundra
http//www.wadih-ghsoubi.com/Nature/3/original/Mou
ntains20Mirrored,20St.20Mary20Lake.jpg
http//www.chenowith.k12.or.us/whs/mwc/tundra3.jpg
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Park Management

• Management Plans
• 15 year vision
• Maintenance or restoration of ecological
  integrity
• Canadas National Parks Act
• Requires plan every 5 years
• Environmental Assessment
• Managing Humans

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Park Management

• Environmental Management System
• Greenhouse gas emissions reduction
• Water conservation
• Solid waste management
• Endangered Species
• Whooping crane Buffalo National Park of Canada
• Atlantic Salmon Inner Bay of Fundy Park
• Black Footed Ferret Grasslands National Park S.K
• Deerberry St. Lawrence Island National Park

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Endangered Species
http//z.about.com/d/animals/1/0/u/6/Whooping-Cran
e.jpg
http//www.realfishing.com/rf/pics/atsalmon1.jpg
http//gf.state.wy.us/services/gif/ferret1.jpg
http//www.sfrc.ufl.edu/Extension/FFSnl/deerberry.
jpg
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Water

• 74 Earths Surface Water
• Oceans 97
• Freshwater 3
• 77 ice
• 22 groundwater soil moisture
• 1 lakes, rivers, wetlands

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Private vs. Public Water
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Water Issues

• Manufactured chemicals
• Aquatic species/systems more threatened than
  terrestrial
• Example Rhine
• Many aquatic species are local endemics
• Example Lake Victoria, east Africa
• Solution to pollution is dilution
• Marine vs. Fresh water

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Why Manage

• Hydropower
• Water quality and supply
• Flood control
• Fish and Wildlife
• Recreation

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Water Management

• Water Act
• Previsions to protect water access
• Water licence
• Clean Water Act
• Governing pollution
• Fish Protection Act
• 4 major objectives
• 1) Sufficient water 3) Improve
  riparian zones
• 2) Protect/restore habitat 4) Stronger govt
  envt. planning

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Water Management

• Watershed Groups (lakes and rivers)
• Protect water
• Reduce contaminants
• Example buffer zone and fencing
• Defines protected zones and what can occur within
  them
• Example lists permitted activity boating

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Why is Management Important?

• ENDANGERED SPECIES
• Noosack Dace
• Rapidly decreasing habitat due to human activity
• Pollution fertilizers, pesticides, sewage
• Land clearing ? vegetation cover, ? water temp.
• Status approaching highest risk category
• Critically endangered species

http//www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/species-especes/images/sp
ecies/full_nooksackDace.jpg
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Why is Management Important

• ENDANGERED SPECIES
• Angel Shark
• Decreased populations
• Overexploitation, habitat loss, shrimp by-catch,
  wasteful management practices

http//www.sharkattackphotos.com/Angel-shark_1.jpg
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Shark Example ContinuedWaste
http//www.deepseaimages.com/dsilibrary/data/1029/
17shark-fins-Silky-and-thres.jpg
http//www.deepseaimages.com/dsilibrary/data/1030/
17shark-fins-Silky-and-thres.jpg
http//www.cdnn.info/news/eco/shark_fin_soup_25016
3.jpg
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Wetlands

• Area of land consisting of soil that is saturated
  with moisture
• Between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem
• Host considerable biodiversity endemism
• Canada 14 Wetland 1.2 million Km2
• Majority on public land

http//www.41south-aquaculture.com/images/wetland.
jpg
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Wetland Issues

• Growing interest of industrialization
• Conversion of wetland to agricultural land
• 65 loss of costal marshes in last 300 years
  (N.B)
• Degradation plays a negative role in impacts on
  climate change
• Global wetland value 14.1 TRILLION
• - Must be protected!!!

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Wetland Management

• Legislation that protects wetland
• Clean Water Act
• W.A.W.A
• Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation
• Wetlands Conservation Policy
• Maintenance of wetland function
• Stewardship

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Wetland Management

• Private and Public ownership of a wetland,
  primary precautions must be taken
• 30m buffer zone
• EIA (rare species)
• Mapping (harder for private)
• Delineation
• Compensation Policy
• Avoid, Minimize, Compensate

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Wetland Mitigation Guidelines for New Brunswick

• Suggested compensatory mitigation ratios by type
• Restoration 21
• Enhancement 41
• Creation 31
• Preservation 101

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Proposed rates for wetland compensation in N.B
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Wetland ManagementPrivate vs. Public

• Harder to Manage
• Most significant Wetlands
• Shared properties difficult to gain permit
• Less effected

• Easier to Manage
• Majority of Wetlands
• Exceptions for economy
• More effected

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Conclusions

• Land is easier to manage than water
• Public ownership easier to manage than private
• Resources
• Money
• Man power
• Legislation
• Our solutions?

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References

• http//www.mises.org/story/2553
• http//www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/ps/nap/frms/50-037_e.pd
  f
• http//www.sasklearning.gov.sk.ca/docs/paa/wildlif
  e/mod16.html
• http//www.jstor.org/view/02768739/ap060008/06a000
  70/0
• http//www.env.gov.bc.ca/bcparks/conserve/cpp_p1/w
  ildlife.pdf
• http//www.ducks.ca/province/nb/index.html
• http//www.nawmp.ab.ca/wildlifedamage.pdf
• http//www.sararegistry.gc.ca/default_e.cfm
• http//wlapwww.gov.bc.ca/wld/documents/nooksack.pd
  f
• http//www.ecojustice.ca/media-centre/media-backgr
  ounder/court-case-challenges-federal-failure-to-pr
  otect-nooksack-dace/
• http//canadaonline.about.com/cs/parksincanada/a/e
  xploreparks.htm
• http//www.ealing.gov.uk/services/environment/plan
  ning/planning_services/private_land/
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_land
• Special Thank to Lee Swanson from the Department
  of Environment and Rod Cumberland from the
  Department of Natural Resources

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Questions?