Antarctic krill

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Antarctic krill

• Role of krill
• Krill uses and products
• The krill fishery
• Management of krill fishery

Peter Nichols Thanks to Patti Virtue Stephen
Nicol So Kawaguchi Luc Rainville
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• Krill statistics
• 7 cm / 1 g in size
• live up to 11 years
• 30,000 per m3
• biomass
• - 700 MT (cf global fisheries catch 100
  MT)
• current TAC
• - 6 million MT (25 fish meal/oil harvest)

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Products from krill

• Human consumption
• Whole
• Manufactured
• Health food
• Chitin
• Enzymes
• Krill oil
• Fishing bait
• Aquaculture

New improved superba krill From the Antarctic to
your table/factory/ farm/pharmacy/ baitshop
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Uses of krill

• Fresh frozen 46
• Boiled frozen 10
• Peeled tails 10-15
• Krill meal 34
• Human consumption 12
• Sport fishing bait 45
• Aquaculture and aquaria 43

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Krill for Aquaculture

• Colouration
• Immune system stimulant
• Improved growth rates
• Feeding stimulant
• Balanced nutrition
• Natural diet

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Aquaculture

• Fastest growing food production sector for last
  20 years
• 39.4 million tonnes of aquaculture products
  (1998)
• Currently expanding at 11/ year tonnage
  (20/year value)
• 43 of annual fishmeal production goes to
  aquaculture
• 25 of fish consumed by human comes from
  aquaculture
• In 10 years aquaculture production will exceed
  wild fisheries production
• In 20 years aquaculture production will exceed
  beef production. Currently more important than
  sheep.
• Moving from grazing species to carnivorous
  species
• 12.3 million tonnes of aquafeed consumed annually
  
• Fish meal supplies declining

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Salmon aquaculture

• 1n 1981
• 12,000 tonnes from aquaculture (3)
• 620,000 tonnes wild caught
• In 2005
• 1,010,000 tonnes from aquaculture (55)
• 812,000 tonnes wild caught

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Krill processing issues

• Rapid spoiling - enzymes
• Crushing and leakage
• High fluoride levels
• Water solubility

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Krill oil

• Neutraceuticals
• Cardiovascular disease
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Skin cancer
• Facial wrinkles
• Transdermal delivery systems

• Omega-3 FA
• Polar lipid
• Astaxanthin

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Chitin/Chitosan

• Waste water treatment
• Slimming aid
• Cholesterol reduction
• Artificial skin
• Biodegradable plastics
• Pharmaceutical/industrial uses

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Krill enzymes

• Debriding ability
• Chemonucleolytic agent
• Antibiotic properties
• Anti-tumoral
• Cannot be cloned
• Found only in Antarctic krill

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U.S. Patent No. 6,030,612Antimicrobial uses of a
multifunctional (krill) enzyme

• For treatment of athletes foot, foreskin
  infection, eye infections, gum infections, common
  cold, influenza, bronchitis, gastric ulcer,
  herpes, acne, eczema, dental plaque, cancer, HIV,
  haemorrhoids, thrombosis, cataracts, glaucoma,
  wrinkles, warts, diarrhoea, baldness,
  leprosy and it cleans contact lenses!

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• Other Players
• Neptune (NKO)
• Aker Biomarine

• Our Mission
• Top Ocean harvests Krill within the pristine
  Antarctic environment to produce nutritional and
  pharmaceutical products for the 21st Century,
  using a sustainable approach and avoiding the
  disposal of wastes. We use the latest
  technological developments and apply
  international quality standards to deliver
  maximum value to consumers all over the world,
  for the enhancement of their quality of life.

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Uses of krill - fishing bait
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Antarctic fisheries 2004/05
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Antarctic Krill Catch (tonnes)

• 2000/01 2004/05 2007/08
• Total Krill catch 93,572 118,705 764,000
• Japan 67,377 47,343 30,000
• Poland 13,696 16,365 20,000
• Ukraine 3,413 28,521 65,000
• S. Korea 7,525 14,354 48,000
• USA 1,561 12,122
• Norway 210,000
• Cook Islands 175,000
• Vanuatu 80,000
• Chile 1,000
• 2004/05 - 88 of total catch. All krill catches
  were taken from the South Atlantic (Area 48).
  CCAMLR confirmation pending. 2007/08 Inform
  (Sept).

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Fishery operations

• Large 80-120m trawlers very big nets
• 10 tonnes per haul
• 10 hauls per day
• 3hrs to process
• Process 15-20 tonnes/hr
• 1200 tonnes finished product per trip

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Krill fishing methods

• Go to the Magic spot.
• Search for profitable aggregation.
• Determine the exact position, size, depth of the
  aggregation.
• Shallow and quick tows for product quality.
• 5. Repeated operation on the same aggregation
  until threshold density.

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Recent trends of Japanese Krill fishery 1. Area
and duration Moving southwards, extended winter
operation 2. Searching for krill
aggregations Having difficulties spotting
profitable aggregation 3. Fishing
fleets Reduction in fleet 4. Profits Marginal
5. Attitude of fishing companies Becoming aware
of environmental issues
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• Krill - Recent developments
• new entrants
• new products
• new findings clinical trials
• markedly increasing catch