Urban Heat Island and Global Warming

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Urban Heat Island and Global Warming

• An Analysis of the Current State of Knowledge and
  Market Transformation Efforts in US Cities
• Patrick Kelly, EPA

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Urban Heat Island and Global Warming
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Urban Heat Island Pilot Projects

• Assist cities in efforts to adopt and evaluate
  heat island reduction strategies and programs
• Encourage research, education, and communication
  
• Demonstrate and document successful heat island
  reduction projects that may be adopted in other
  communities and
• Build community support and understanding of heat
  island reduction measures.

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Urban Heat Island State of Knowledge

• EPA research on five cities under Urban Heat
  Island Pilot Project(UHIPP)
• Baton Rouge
• Chicago
• Houston
• Sacramento
• Salt Lake City
• Studies completed end of 2003

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Other cities and UHI Projects

• Atlanta
• Baltimore
• New York
• Seattle

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IR Image and Agenda

• Baltimore
• Ecosystem
• Biodiversity
• Public Health
• Buildings
• Pavement
• Agenda Research on Ecosystem impacts of UHI on
  surrounding communities economics

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IR Image and Agenda

• Baton Rouge
• Ecosystem
• Forest Canopy
• Paved Surfaces
• Buildings
• Agenda Urban Tree Planting and UHI

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IR image and Agenda

• Chicago
• Ecosystem
• Biodiversity
• Green Roofs
• Pavements
• Buildings
• Agenda Urban Heat Island Profiling and highlight
  singular approaches to reduce UHI.

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IR Image and Agenda

• Houston
• Ecosystems and Trees
• Paved surfaces and
• Permeable pavements
• Buildings
• Profiling
• Agenda Look at Profiling UHI Air Quality issues

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IR Image and Agenda

• New York
• Paved surfaces
• Buildings
• ENERGY STAR(ES)
• Vegetation
• Agenda Look at electrical distribution,
  transmission generation impacts of UHI and ES

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IR Image and Agenda

• Sacramento
• Paved surfaces
• Trees
• Vegetation
• Buildings
• Agenda Look at paved surfaces, building, tree
  options to reduce UHI.

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IR Image and Agenda

• Salt Lake City
• Sources rooftops
• At 160 degrees on
• average day
• Pavement
• Buildings
• Agenda Data Profiling and what works in Salt
  Lake City.

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UHI and Global Warming

• What these studies did is to lay the ground work
  for industry and local governmen to realize they
  had to take action.
• Several cities began to implement laws to require
  UHI reduction tactics to be implemented.

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Urban Heat Island and Global Warming

• Looking at the approaches taken each has its own
  merit in examining the story of UHI. But two
  added economics and one added its effect on the
  electrical utility system besides UHI data
  profiling. The latter also chose to add DOE
  Market Allocation modeling to the mix to look 40
  years into the future for impact and scenarios.

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NYC Study Area
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NYC Energy/UHI Building Mix
Maps Source NYSERDA UHI Study
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NYC MARKAL Modeling Framework

• Builds on extensive plant level information from
  the Energy Information Administration and the
  Environmental Protection Agency
• Time of the day peak-load was modeled on the
  basis of seasonal variability

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MARKAL-EnergyPlus-MM5 Interactions
Centrifugal Chiller
Demand for AC in Buildings
Grid Exchange
Central Stations
Electric Heat Pumps
TEXLC
TEELC
Conventional AC
EnergyPlus
DER
Energy Star AC
Conservation Shell - DSM
MM5 Meso-scale Climate Model EnergyPlus
Building Energy Simulation Model DSM Demand Side
Management DER Distributed Energy
Resources TEELC High Voltage Electricity
Transmission TEXLC Low Voltage Electricity
Transmission
MM5
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MARKAL Modeling System
RES Diagram
Data Management Scenario Development
Output w/ Excel Graph
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EnergyPlus Building Energy Simulation

• Builds on the most popular features and
  capabilities of BLAST and DOE-2
• Calculates HVAC loads to maintain thermal
  control setpoints, based on the buildings
  physical make-up, mechanical systems,
  environmental conditions, etc.

Web www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energyplus/
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Building Inventory to Cooling Demand

• Prototype buildings were selected from the
  building inventory of the area to measure
  benefits of various mitigation measures

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EnergyPlus Load Schedule- time of day
Baseline
UHI
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NYC results in Lower Manhattan if activity had
already occurred on September 8, 2002
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Impacts of UHI Measures and Energy Star
Technologies
UHI Urban Heat Island effect
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NYC Emission Reductions due to UHI Measures and
Energy Star Technologies
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NYC Summary

• Urban system responses of alternative strategies
  are complex and need a systematic integrated
  analysis
• Adaptation to such a new concept can lead to
  cost-effective solutions to the long-term energy
  security and the environmental sustainability
• BNLs longstanding research and experience brings
  a paradigm shift in local energy and
  environmental planning
• Such a comprehensive framework will provide us
  with a robust tool to address an upcoming need to
  tackle pressing urban energy and environmental
  issues worldwide

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Urban Heat Island and Global Warming

• EPA Region 2 and it collaboration of modelers
  took the time out to 40 years and used
  projections on climate change to increase the
  temperature of the heat island while lowering the
  temperature and slowly engaging in ENERGY STAR at
  its current rate of expansion.
• Intriguing thought the model will work to
  project with or without activity.

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Urban Heat Island and Global Warming

• The MARKAL model is such a powerful tool that the
  federal government uses it for all activities to
  model the economics and sense of activities.
• To date UHI activities is ongoing in local cities
  who have adopted standards.
• I wont mention cities locally too many to write
  down who are working on tree ordinances, roofing
  ordinances, above code building ordinances, etc.

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Urban Heat Island and Global Warming

• What is true about UHI is that the same MARKAL
  model alludes to something of greatest
  importance, the impact of heat island in the
  future to public health issues. The model runs
  projected a rise in temperature in cities that
  could lead to very unhealthy environments to live
  in.