Introduction to Nanotechnology

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Introduction to Nanotechnology GK12 Student Kyle
Barr Professor Frank Fisher Department of
Mechanical Engineering Stevens Institute of
Technology
Web http//www.stevens.edu/nanolab Email
ffisher_at_stevens.edu
Supported by  NSF Graduate Teaching Fellow in
K-12 Education ProgramAssociated Institution
Stevens Institute of Technology - Hoboken, NJ
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Length Scales Another perspective
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Richard Feynman - Grandfather of Nanotechnology

• 1959 - Richard Feynman - Nobel Prize in Physics
• Theres plenty of room at the bottom - an
  invitation to enter a new field of physics
• Offered two 1000 prizes
• Build an electric motor in a 1/64 inch cube
• Reduce a page of a book by a factor of 25,000
  read using an electron microscope
• 1960 - engineer claimed the first prize
• 1985 - graduate student wrote a page from A Tale
  of Two Cities 1/160 millimeter in length using
  Ebeam lithography

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Morph Concept video from Nokia and Cambridge
Nanoscience Centre
http//www.nokia.com/A4879144
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Van der Waals force

• An attractive force between atoms or molecules.
• Not the result of chemical bond formation, much
  weaker
• Responsible for some material properties crystal
  structure, melting points, boiling points,
  surface tension, and densities.

Ref)http//www.lclark.edu/autumn/climbing/climb.
html
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Nano-adhesion mechanism of Gecko

• Many hypotheses
• - Suction Gadow, 1901
• - Electrostatics Schmidt, 1904
• - Friction Madhendra, 1941
• - Micro-interlocking Madhendra, 1941
• - Capillary wet adhesion

Ref)http//www.lclark.edu/autumn/climbing/climb.
html
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Geckos foot structure
Ref)http//www.lclark.edu/autumn/climbing/climb.
html
Kellar et al, Adhesive force of a single gecko
foot-hair, Nature, 405, 681-685 (2000)
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What are Carbon Nanotubes?

• Hexagonal sheet of carbon atoms (graphene sheet)
  rolled into 1D cylinder
• Classes of nanotubes SWNTs, MWNTs, andNT
  ropes or bundles

SWNT
MWNT
SWNT bundle
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Space Elevator (updated Oct 2008)

• A conference discussing space elevator concepts
  is being held in Japan in November 2008
• Hundreds of engineers/scientists from Asia,
  Europe and the Americas are working on the design
• Will take you directly to the one
  hundred-thousandth floor
• A cable anchored to the Earth's surface,
  reaching tens of thousands of kilometers into
  space
• Arthur Clarke's novel "The Fountains of
  Paradise" brought idea of space elevator to
  masses (1979)
• NASA holding 4M Space Elevator Challenge to
  encourage designs for a successful space elevator
• http//www.jsea.jp (website of Japan Space
  Elevator Association)

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Nanomechanics and Nanomaterials Lab (Fisher)
Processing-induced Crystallization of
Semicrystalline Nanocomposites (Kalyon)
Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting (Shi, Prasad,
ECE)
Using nanoparticles processing to promote
preferred crystalline phases
Harvesting energy from ambient vibrations for
wireless sensors

• Mago, Kalyon Fisher, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 114,
  1312 (2009)
• Mago, Fisher Kalyon, J. Nanosci. Nanotech.
  9, 3330 (2009)
• Mago, Kalyon Fisher, J. Nanomaterials 3,
  759825 (2008)
• Mago, Fisher Kalyon, Macromolecules 41, 8103
  (2008)

• Challa, Prasad Fisher, Measurement Sci.
  Tech., under review
• Challa, Prasad Fisher, Smart Mat. Struct.
  18, 095029 (2009)
• Challa, Shi, Prasad Fisher, Smart Mat.
  Struct. 17, 015035 (2008)

Nanomanipulation and Nanomechanical
Characterization (Shi, Yang, Zhu)
Polymer Nanocomposite Nanomechanics
Novel micromechanical modeling for polymer
nanocomposites
In situ SEM characterization of nanomaterials and
nanocomposites

• MRI Acquisition of an instrument for nanoscale
  manipulation and experimental characterization,
  NSF DMI-0619762, 09/01/06-08/31/09, 326k

• Fisher Lee, Composites Science and Technology
  (to be submitted)
• Fisher, Oelkers Lee, Composites Science and
  Technology (to be submitted)

Nanomechanics and Nanomaterials Lab
http//personal.stevens.edu/ffisher
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Crystallization of semicrystalline polymer
nanocomposites (solution-processing)
MWNT-PVDF membranes with enhanced piezoelectric ?
crystal polymorph

• Piezoelectric behavior of PVDF attributed to ?
  crystal phase
• MWNTs nucleate crystallization, which also
  controlled by rate of interdiffusion of
  solvent/antisolvent (solubility parameter)
• MWNTs to promote ? phase

Mago, Kalyon Fisher (2008), Journal of
Nanomaterials, 3, 759825
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)nanocomposites

• Melting point of 360 C, insoluble in most
  solvents
• Applications aerospace industries, membranes,
  coatings, electrical connectors, fibers, etc
• Solution crystallization via Benzophenone to
  promote/maintain dispersion

0.1 wt CNF
Bartolucci, Mago, Kalyon Fisher (2010),
submitted to Polymer
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Processing-induced crystallization of
semicrystalline polymer nanocomposites
Shear-induced crystallization
Complex viscosity
Mago, Fisher Kalyon, Macromolecules, 41, 8103,
2008 Mago, Fisher Kalyon, J. Nanosci.
Nanotechnol., 9, 3330, 2009
Pressure-induced crystallization
Nanohybrid Shish-Kebab
As-received CNFs
TEM of NHSK (nylon)
G. Mago, C. Velasco-Santos, A.L.
Martinez-Hernandez, D.M. Kalyon, and F.T. Fisher
(2007), Proceedings of the 2007 MRS Fall Meeting,
November 26-30, Boston, MA.
G. Mago, DM Kalyon, and FT Fisher (2010),
submitted to Macromolecules
with D. Kalyon, Chemical Engineering, Stevens
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Multiscale Engineering, Science Technology _at_
Stevens Research Clusters
Multiscale Mechanical Systems and Devices
Controlled Quantum Systems
Environmental Nanotechnology
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Multiscale Mechanical Systems and
Devices Chang-Hwan Choi, Frank Fisher, Souran
Manoochehri, Kishore Pochiraju, Yong Shi and
Eui-Hyeok Yang
Nano and Micro Structures and Devices Engineering
Laboratory
Micro-Device Laboratory
Current Future Funding Sources
Munitions Applications Safe/Arm and Fuze Devices
US Army Picatinny ARDEC, Air Force Office of
Scientific Research, National Science Foundation,
NASA SBIR, Department of Homeland Security, Naval
Research Lab, Industry, etc..
Vision Nationally recognized doctoral
research training and technology development in
novel multiscale electromechanical systems and
devices
Large-Area Nano-Patterning 3D Nanofabrication
Multifunctional Nanowires/Nanofibers
PZT Nanofibers
Nanostructure Morphology in Polymer Nanocomposites
ITO Nanofibers
PZT Nano Tubes
Nano and Microfluidics Laboratory
Active Nanomaterials Devices Laboratory
Nanomechanics and Nanomaterials Laboratory
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Environmental Applications of Nano
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Other Applications of Nanotechnology
NSF website March 1 2007

• Applications
• next-generation solar cells (better capture
  light increase efficiency)
• coating LEDs to eliminate reflections (gain
  efficiency to compete with other bulbs)

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Other Applications of Nanotechnology
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Top 5 Nano-Breakthroughs in 2006 (Forbes.com)
1) DNA ORIGAMI Researcher Paul W. K.Rothemund
(Caltech) The sheer simplicity and versatility
of Dr. Rothemund's "DNA origami" renders it a
revolution in nanoscale architecture. Rothemund
developed a technique to fold a single long
strand of DNA into any 2D shape held together by
a few shorter DNA pieces. He created software to
quickly determine what short sequences will fold
the main strand into the desired shape, such as
the DNA smiley face he built, which is a mere
100nm across and 2nm thick, or his nanoscale map
of the Americas. They sound silly, but these
creations are proof of concept here is a method
for building scaffolding that can be used to hold
quantum dots in a quantum computer or proteins in
a multi-enzyme factory, to name just a few
potential applications. 2) NANOMAGNETS TO CLEAN
UP DRINKING WATER Researchers Vicki Colvin and
colleagues (Rice University) According to the
World Bank, nearly 65 million people are at risk
from arsenic-related health problems due to
millions of contaminated wells, especially in
developing nations like India and Bangladesh.
Now, a research team led by Vicki Colvin at Rice
University has developed a simple and inexpensive
way to solve the problem. Rust nanoparticles,
which have magnetic properties, bind to arsenic
the rust and arsenic can then be lifted out of
the water by nothing more than a handheld magnet.
The breakthrough was the realization that the
manipulation of nanoscale rust would not require
huge magnetic fields, as was expected. The unique
properties at the nanoscale cause the rust
nanoparticles to act as one large magnet that can
be easily drawn out of the water, leaving behind
drinking water pure enough to meet Environmental
Protection Agency standards. The method, which
requires no electricity or extensive hardware,
will have a global impact. 3) ARRAYS CONNECT
NANOWIRE TRANSISTORS WITH NEURONS Researchers
Charles Lieber amd colleagues (Harvard
University) In the first ever two-way interface
between nanoelectronics and living neurons, Dr.
Lieber and his team have created a revolutionary
way to study brain activity. Silicon nanowires
link up with the axons and dendrites of live
mammalian neurons, creating artificial synapses
between the two and allowing scientists to study
and manipulate signal propagation in neural
networks. The device can measure the brain's
electric signals with unprecedented sensitivity,
amplifying signals from up to 50 places on a
single neuron. It will allow researchers to
accurately model complex brain activity, pave the
way for powerful neural prosthetics, and open the
possibility for hybrid nanoelectronic and
biological information processing.
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Top 5 Nano-Breakthroughs in 2006 (Forbes.com)
4) SINGLE NANOTUBE ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
Researchers Phaedon Avouris and colleagues
(IBM's T.J.Watson Research Center University of
Florida Columbia University) This year, IBM
unveiled the most complex and highest performance
electrical circuit based on a single nanotube,
demonstrating the applicability of CMOS
technology and paving the way for the future of
computing. The integrated logic circuit consists
of 12 transistors made of palladium and aluminum
tracing the length of a single carbon nanotube.
The circuit is hundreds of times slower than
today's silicon processors, but t is 100,000
times faster than any previous carbon nanotube
device and has the potential to be much faster.
Unlike silicon, it doesn't require doping, which
scatters electron flow and is far more heat
efficient. Expect to first see these nanotube
circuits in hybrid nanotube-silicon
computers. 5) NANOPARTICLES DESTROY PROSTATE
CANCER Researchers Robert Langer and colleagues
(MIT BWH and Harvard U.of Illinois Gwangju
Institute of Science and Technology, South Korea
Dana Farber Cancer Institute) Here's one battle
with cancer where cancer is losing
dramatically--researchers at MIT and Harvard have
custom-designed nanoparticles that hone in on
prostate cancer cells and deliver doses of
targeted chemotherapy. In trials with mice,
which were given human prostate cancer, a single
injection of these nanoparticles completely
eradicated tumors in five out of seven animals,
significantly reducing tumor size in the other
two. The work may be replicable for treatments of
breast and pancreatic cancer, as well. Look
forward to seeing these cancer-killers in human
clinical trials.