Survival for Cadets

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Survival for Cadets
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Survival for Cadets
Your private charter aircraft has crashed in the
Canadian wilderness. You have just enough time
to grab one item before the plane is consumed in
flames. What do you grab on your way out the
door?

1. Matches
2. Survival knife
3. Sleeping bag

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Sources Resources

• FM 3-05.70
• FM 21-76
• SAS Survival Guide
• Air Force Pamphlet 36-2246

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Course Overview

• Unit 1 The Elements of Surviving
• Unit 2 Personal Protection
• Unit 3 Necessities to Maintain Life
• Unit 4 Orientation and Traveling

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Unit 1The Elements of Surviving

• Survival Preparedness
• Conditions Affecting Survival
• The Survivors Needs
• Psychological Aspects of Survival
• The Will to Survive

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Chapter 1-1Survival Preparedness

• Chapter 1-1 Survival Preparedness
• Chapter Objective
• Know how to survive in situations where your
  safety and life depend on your decisions.
• Samples of Behavior/Main Points
• a. Define survival preparedness.
• b. List several items a survival pattern must
  include.
• c. Define the letters in the keyword survival.

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CHAPTER 1-1VOCABULARY

• Survival Preparedness
• Survival Pattern
• Hypothermia
• Hyperthermia
• Terrain
• Vanquish
• Improvise

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Survival Actions. A. Everyday of our lives,
we are engaged in surviving. Continually, we
need air to breathe, food and water to nourish
ourselves and protection from the elements.
1. As a society, weve created complex
networks of food production, distribution, and
storage that can put fresh fruits on our tables
in the winter. 2. Eating ice cream is an
everyday occurrence, even where there are no
cows and no ice. 3. Our water comes from
public systems that are so convenient we seldom
think about the wonder of having fresh, pure
water piped into our homes. 4. Our homes
are sturdy and secure, insulated against heat and
cold and kept comfortable by furnaces and air
conditioners.
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Survival Actions. B. Most of the time we
survive without much effort, but when we travel
in the backcountry, down wild rivers and across
rugged terrain, we remove ourselves from the
familiar networks of society. 1. For a
while we are on our own, fully responsible for
our comfort and safety. 2. That
responsibility means we must do all we can to be
prepared to survive. 3. Lets define
survival. According to Websters Dictionary
survival is (1) living or continuing longer than
another person or thing (2) the act or process
of surviving.
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Survival Actions. C. Pattern for
Survival. 1. Develop a survival pattern that
lets you beat all odds against you for survival.
This pattern must include food, water, shelter,
fire, first aid, and signals placed in order of
importance. 2. For example, in a cold
environment, you would need a fire to get warm a
shelter to protect you from the cold, wind, and
rain or snow traps or snares to get food a
means to signal for help and first aid to
maintain health.
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Psychology of Survival
S Size up the situation U Use all Your
Senses, Undue haste makes waste R Remember
where you are V Vanquish Fear and Panic I
Improvise V Value Living A - Act only after
thinking L Live by your wits, but for now,
Learn Basic Skills
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Chapter 1-1Survival Preparedness

• Summary
• Defined survival preparedness.
• Listed several items a survival pattern must
  include.
• Defined the letters in the keyword survival.

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Chapter 1-2 Conditions Affecting Survival

• Chapter Objective
• Know the three basic conditions affecting
  survival.
• Samples of Behavior/Main Points
• a. List the three basic conditions that affect
  every survival situation.
• b. List the basic components of all
  environments.
• c. Identify a few examples of land forms which
  describe terrain.
• d. List the three primary elements of the
  survivors mission.
• e. Name the two basic life forms.
• f. Describe the primary factors which
  constitute the survivors condition.
• g. State the most important psychological tool
  that will affect the outcome of a survival
  situation.

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CHAPTER 1-2 VOCABULARY

• Three Basic Conditions of Survival
• Environmental Condition
• Survivors Condition
• Duration
• Legal and Moral Obligation

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Chapter 1-2

• The three primary elements of the survivors
  mission are
• The conditions affecting survival
• The survivors needs
• The means for surviving

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Chapter 1-2

• Three Basic Conditions that affect every survival
  situation.
• The conditions may vary in importance from one
  situation to another and from individual to
  individual.
• The conditions can be neutral.
• The conditions exist in each survival episode.
  They will have a great bearing on the survivors
  every need, decision and action.

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Chapter 1-2

• Climate. Temperature, moisture and wind are the
  basic climate elements.
• Extreme cold or hot temperatures, complicated by
  moisture or lack of moisture, and the possibility
  of wind, may have life threatening impact on the
  survivors needs, decisions and actions.
• The primary concern is the need for personal
  protection
• Climatic conditions also have a significant
  impact on other aspects of survival.

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Chapter 1-2

• Terrain. Mountains, prairies, hills and lowlands
  are only a few examples of the infinite variety
  of land forms which describe terrain.
• The existing terrain will affect the survivors
  needs and activities in such areas as travel,
  recovery, food, water and personal protection.
• Depending on its form, terrain may cause travel
  to be difficult provide protection or make
  survival a seemingly impossible task.

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Chapter 1-2

• Life Forms For survival purposes there are two
  basic life forms plant and animal.
• Plant Life. There are hundreds of thousands of
  different types of species of plants life.
• Animal Life. Reptiles, amphibians, birds, fish,
  insects and mammals are life forms which directly
  affect a survivor by posing hazards or by
  satisfying needs.

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Chapter 1-2

• The Survivors Condition.
• Physical
• Survivors who are physically fit will be better
  prepared to face survival episodes than those who
  are not.
• High Levels of physical fitness will enhance a
  survivors ability to cope with such diverse
  variables as temperature extremes, lack of rest,
  lack of water and food, and extended survival
  situations.
• Psychological
• The survivors psychological state greatly
  influences their ability to successfully return
  from a survival situation.

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Chapter 1-2

• The Survivors Condition.
• Material
• At the beginning or a survival episode, the
  clothing and equipment in your possession, the
  contents of the survival kit and resources
  recovered are the sum total of your material
  assets.
• Special attention must be given to the care and
  storage of all materials.
• The equipment available to a survivor affects all
  decisions, needs and actions. The ability to
  improvise may provide ways to meet some needs.

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Chapter 1-2

• The Survivors Condition.
• Legal and Moral Obligation
• Responsibilities influence behavior during
  survival episodes and influence the will to
  survive. Examples include feelings of obligation
  or responsibilities to family, self, and/or
  spiritual beliefs.
• A survivors individual perception of
  responsibilities influence survival needs, and
  affect the psychological state of the individual
  both during and after the survival episode.

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Chapter 1-2

• The Survivors Condition.
• Duration
• The duration of the survival episode has a major
  effect upon the survivors needs.
• Every decision and action will be driven in part
  by an assessment of when recovery or return is
  probable.
• Rescue capabilities, the distances involved,
  climatic conditions, the ability to locate the
  survivor, are major factors which directly
  influence the duration (time condition) of the
  survival episode.
• A survivor can never be certain that rescue is
  near.

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Chapter 1-2 Conditions Affecting Survival

• SUMMARY
• The three basic conditions that affect every
  survival situation.
• List the basic components of all environments.
• Identify a few examples of land forms which
  describe terrain.
• List the three primary elements of the
  survivors mission.
• Name the two basic life forms.
• Describe the primary factors which constitute
  the survivors condition.
• State the most important psychological tool that
  will affect the outcome of a survival situation.

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Chapter 1-3

• 1. Chapter Objective
• Know the two fundamental goals of a
  survivor are maintaining life and returning.
• 2. Samples of Behavior/Main Points
• a. List the four basic needs of a
  survivor.
• b. List the components of maintaining life.
• c. Describe the survivors primary defense
  against the effects of the environment.
• d. Describe why nutrition is important to a
  survivor.
• e. Describe the survivors food crises.
• f. Describe why prevention, self-aid, and
  psychological health important to a survivor.
• g. List the basic tasks confronting the
  survivor when faced with the need to return.
• h. Describe how a survivor can effectively
  aid in recovery.
• i. List the factors the survivor must
  weigh when faced with the need to travel against
  capabilities and/or safety.

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Chapter 1-3

• I. Goals of a Survivor.
• A. The two fundamental goals of a survivor.
• 1. To maintain life.
• 2. To return.
• B. These two goals may be further divided
  into four basic needs.
• 1. Personal Protection.
• 2. Health.
• 3. Travel.
• 4. Communications (signaling for
  recovery).

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Chapter 1-3

• II. Maintaining Life. The essential components of
  maintaining life are personal protection,
  nutrition, and health.
• A. Personal Protection.
• 1. The human body is fragile. Without
  protection, the effects of environmental
  conditions (climate, terrain, and life forms)
  and of induced conditions
• (radiological, biological agents, and
  chemical agent) may be fatal.
• 2. The survivors primary defense against the
  effects of the environment and some of the
  effects of induced conditions are clothing,
  equipment, shelter, and fire.
• 3. The need for adequate clothing and its
  proper care and use cannot be
• overemphasized.
• 4. The human bodys tolerance for temperature
  extremes is very limited. However,
  its ability to regulate heating and cooling is
  extraordinary.
• 5. Survival equipment is designed to aid
  survivors throughout their episode. It must be
  cared for to maintain its effectiveness.
• 6. The survivors need for shelter is twofold
  as a place to rest and for protection
  from the effects of the environment.
• 7. In cold climates, the criticality of
  shelter can be measured in minutes, and rest is
  of little immediate concern.
• 8. Fire serves many survivor needs purifying
  water, cooking and preserving food,
  signaling, and providing a source of heat to warm
  the body and dry clothing.

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Chapter 1-3

• Nutrition.
• Survivors need food and water to maintain normal
  body functions and to provide strength, energy,
  and endurance to overcome the physical stresses
  of survival.
• 1. Water. The survivor must be constantly aware
  of the bodys continuing need for water.
• 2. Food. During the first hours of a survival
  situation, the need for food receives little
  attention. During the first 2 or 3 days, hunger
  becomes a nagging aggravation which a survivor
  can overcome.
• 3. The first major food crisis occurs when the
  loss of energy, stamina, and strength begin to
  affect the survivors physical capabilities.
• 4. The second major food crisis has a more
  gradual effect. A marked increase in irritability
  and other attitudes may occur as the starvation
  process continues.
• 5. Most people have food preferences. The
  natural tendency to avoid certain types of food
  is a major problem which must be overcome early
  in the survival situation.
• 6. The starvation process ultimately overcomes
  all food prejudices. The successful
• survivor overcomes these dislikes before
  physical or psychological deterioration
• sets in.

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Chapter 1-3

• Health (Physical and Psychological).
• Self-aid is the survivors sole recourse.
• 1. Prevention. The need for preventive
  medicine and safety cannot be
  overemphasized. Attention to sanitation and
  personal hygiene is a major factor to
  preventing physical, morale, and attitude
  problems.
• 2. The need for cleanliness in the
  treatment of injuries and illness is self-
  evident.
• 3. Safety must be foremost in the mind
  of the survivor carelessness is
  caused by ignorance and/or poor judgment or bad
  luck.
• 4. Self-Aid. In the event of injury,
  the survivors existence may depend on
  the ability to perform self-aid.
• 5. Illness and the need to treat it is
  more commonly associated with long-
  term situations such as an extended evasion
  episode or captivity.
• 6. When preventive techniques have
  failed, the survivor must treat
  symptoms of disease in the absence of
  professional medical care.
• 7. Psychological Health. Perhaps the
  survivors greatest need is the need
  for emotional stability and a positive,
  optimistic attitude.
• 8. An individuals ability to cope with
  psychological stresses will enhance
  successful survival.
• 9. Optimism, determination, dedication,
  and humor, as well as many other
• psychological attributes, are all
  helpful for a survivor to overcome
  psychological stresses.

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Chapter 1-3

• Returning.
• The need to return is satisfied by successful
  completion of one or both of the basic tasks
  confronting the survivor aiding with recovery
  and traveling.
• A. Aiding With Recovery.
• 1. For survivors to effectively aid in
  recovery, they must be able to make
  their position and the situation on the ground
  known.
• 2. This is done either electronically,
  visually, or both.
• 3. Electronic signaling covers a wide
  spectrum of techniques. As problems
  such as security and safety become significant
  factors, procedures for using electronic
  signaling to facilitate recovery
  become increasingly complex.
• 4. Visual signaling is primarily the
  technique for attracting attention
  and pinpointing an exact location for rescuers.
• 5. Simple messages or information may
  also be transmitted with visual
  signals.

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Chapter 1-3

• B. Travel on Land.
• 1. A survivor may need to move on land for a
  variety of reasons, ranging from going for water
  to attempting to walk out of the situation.
• 2. In any survival episode, the survivor must
  weigh the need to travel against capabilities and
  safety.
• Factors to consider may include
• a. The ability to walk or traverse existing
  terrain.
• (1) In a nonsurvival situation, a twisted
  or sprained ankle is an inconvenience accompanied
  by some temporary pain and
  restricted activity.
• (2) A survivor who loses the mobility to
  obtain food, water, and shelter, can face death.
• (3) There is a safe and effective way to
  travel across almost any type of terrain.
• b. The need to transport personal possessions
  (burden carrying).
• There are numerous documented instances
  of survivors abandoning equipment and clothing
  simply because carrying it
  was a bother.
• (1) Later, the abandoned materials were
  not available when needed to save life, limb, or
  aid in rescue.
• (2) Burden carrying should not be
  difficult or physically stressful.
• c. The ability to determine
  present position.
• (1) Maps, compasses, etc., permit
  accurate determination of position during travel.

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Chapter 1-3

• SUMMARY
• List the four basic needs of a survivor.
• List the components of maintaining life.
• Describe the survivors primary defense against
  the effects of the environment.
• Describe why nutrition is important to a
  survivor.
• Describe the survivors food crises.
• Describe why prevention, self-aid, and
  psychological health important to a survivor.
• List the basic tasks confronting the survivor
  when faced with the need to return.
• Describe how a survivor can effectively aid in
  recovery.
• List the factors the survivor must weigh when
  faced with the need to travel against
  capabilities and/or safety.

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Chapter 1-4 Psychological Aspects of Survival

• 1. Chapter Objective
• Know that coping with the psychological
  aspects of survival is a key ingredient in any
  survival situation.
• Samples of Behavior/Main Points
• a. Define stress.
• b. List the positive benefits of stress.
• c. List ten common signs of distress.
• d. Define fatigue.
• e. Describe two critical threats to a
  successful survival.
• f. Describe why comfort is not a survivors
  greatest need.
• g. List and describe the survival stresses.
• h. Define aversion.
• i. List several tasks that can be done in
  spite of fatigue.
• j. List and describe the natural reactions.
• k. List seven ways a survivor can prepare to
  rule over natural reactions and stresses
  common to survival.

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Chapter 1-4 VOCABULARY

• Stress - Any emotional, physical, and social
  factor that requires a response or change which
  can cause an increase in body temperature.
• Apathy - Lack of emotion or feeling an
  indifference to things generally found to be
  exciting or moving.
• Exhaustion - The condition of being extremely
  tired, to wear out completely.
• Fatigue - Physical or mental weariness due to
  energetic activities.
• Resignation - A giving up of a possession, claim
  or right.
• Pain - A warning signal calling attention to an
  injury or damage to some part of the body. Pain
  is discomforting but is not, in itself, harmful
  or dangerous.
• Thirst - Indicates the bodys need for water.
• Dehydration - Decreases the bodys ability to
  function.
• Rest - A basic factor for recovery from fatigue
  and is also important in resisting further
  fatigue.
• Fear - An emotional response to dangerous
  circumstances that we believe have the potential
  to cause death, injury, or illness.
• Insecurity - The survivors feeling of
  helplessness or inadequacy resulting from varied
  stresses and anxieties.
• Self-esteem - The state or quality of having
  personal self-respect and pride.
• Anger - A strong feeling of displeasure and
  belligerence aroused by a real or supposed wrong.
  
• Frustration - Occurs when ones efforts are
  stopped, either by obstacles blocking progress
  toward a goal or by not having a realistic goal.
• Hate - Feelings of intense dislike, extreme
  aversion, or hostility, a powerful emotion which
  can have both positive and negative effects on a
  survivor.
• Resentment - Experiencing an emotional state of
  displeasure toward some act, remark, or person
  that has been regarded as causing personal insult
  or injury.

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Chapter 1-4

• I. Psychology to Survival.
• A. It takes much more than the knowledge and
  skills to build shelters, get food, make
• fires, and travel without the aid of
  standard navigational devices to live
  successfully
• through a survival situation.
• 1. Some people with little or no survival
  training have managed to survive life-
• threatening circumstances.
• 2. Some people with survival training
  have not used their skills and died.
• 3. A key ingredient in any survival
  situation is the mental attitude of the
  individual(s)
• involved.
• 4. Having survival skills is important,
  having the will to survive is essential. Without
• a desire to survive, acquired skills
  serve little purpose and invaluable knowledge
• goes to waste.
• B. The person in a survival environment faces
  many stresses that ultimately impact on
• his mind.
• 1. These stresses can produce thoughts
  and emotions that, if poorly understood, can
• transform a confident, well-trained
  person into an uncertain, ineffective individual
• with questionable ability to survive.
• 2. Every survivor must be aware of and be
  able to recognize those stresses commonly
• associated with survival.

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Chapter 1-4

• II. Contributing Factors.
• A. Need for Stress. Stress is not a disease
  that you cure and eliminate. Instead, it is a
  condition we all experience.
• 1. Stress can be described as our
  reaction to pressure.
• 2. It is the name given to the experience
  we have as we physically, mentally, and
  emotionally respond to lifes tensions.
• 3. We need stress because it has many
  positive benefits.
• a. Stress provides us with challenges.
• b. It gives us chances to learn about our
  values and strengths.
• c. Stress can show our ability to handle
  pressure without breaking.
• d. It tests our adaptability and flexibility.
• e. It can stimulate us to do our best.
• f. It highlights what is important to us.
• 4. We need to have some stress in our
  lives, but too much of anything can be bad.
• 5. Too much stress leads to distress.
• 6. Distress causes an uncomfortable
  tension that we try to escape and, preferable
  avoid. Listed below are a few of the common
  signs of distress
• a. Difficulty making decisions.
• b. Angry outbursts.
• c. Forgetfulness.
• d. Low energy level.
• e. Constant worrying.

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Chapter 1-4

• B. Survival Stresses. Injury, illness, or
  death uncertainty and lack of control
• environment pain thirst and
  dehydration cold and heat hunger fatigue
  sleep
• deprivation and isolation are several
  survival stresses a survivor will encounter.
• 1. Maintaining an even, positive
  psychological state or outlook depends on the
• individuals ability to cope with
  many factors. Some include
• a. Understanding how various physiological
  and emotional signs, feelings, and
• expressions affect ones bodily needs and
  mental attitude.
• b. Managing physical and emotional reactions
  to stressful situations.
• c. Knowing individual tolerance limits, both
  psychological and physical.
• d. Exerting a positive influence on
  companions.
• 2. Two of the critical threats to
  successful survival are yielding to comfort and
• apathy. Both threats represent
  attitudes which must be avoided.
• 3. To survive, a person must focus
  planning and effort on fundamental needs.
• 4. Many people consider comfort their
  greatest need. Yet, comfort is not essential to
• human survival. Survivors must value
  life more than comfort, and be willing to
• tolerate heat, hunger, dirt,
  itching, pain, and any other discomfort.
• 5. As the will to keep trying lessens,
  drowsiness, mental numbness, and indifference
• will result in apathy. This apathy
  usually builds on slowly, but ultimately takes
• over and leaves a survivor helpless.

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Chapter 1-4

• C. Injury, Illness, or Death are real
  possibilities a survivor has to face.
• 1. Perhaps nothing is more stressful
  than being alone in an unfamiliar environment
• where you could die from hostile
  action, an accident, or from eating something
• lethal.
• 2. Illness and injury can also add to
  stress by limiting your ability to maneuver, get
• food and drink, find shelter, and
  defend yourself.
• 3. Even if illness and injury dont lead
  to death, they add to stress through the pain
• and discomfort they generate.
• D. Uncertainty and Lack of Control.
• 1. It can be extremely stressful
  operating on limited information in a setting
  where
• you have limited control of your
  surroundings.
• 2. This uncertainty and lack of control
  also add to the stress of being ill or injured.
• E. Environment.
• 1. In survival, a survivor will have to
  struggle with the stresses of weather, terrain,
• and the variety of creatures
  occupying an area.
• 2. Heat, cold, rain, winds, mountains,
  swamps, deserts, insects, dangerous reptiles,
• and other animals are just a few of
  the challenges awaiting the survivor working to
• survive.
• 3. Depending on how a survivor handles
  the stress of his environment, his

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Chapter 1-4

• F. Pain.
• 1. Pain, like fever, is a warning signal
  calling attention to an injury or damage to
• some part of the body.
• 2. Pain is discomforting but is not, in
  itself, harmful or dangerous. Pain can be
• controlled, and in an extremely
  grave situation, survival must take priority over
  
• giving in to pain.
• 3. When personal goals are maintaining
  life and returning, and these goals are valued
• highly enough, a survivor can
  tolerate almost anything.
• G. Thirst and Dehydration.
• 1. Lack of water and its accompanying
  problems of thirst and dehydration are among
• the most critical problems facing
  survivors.
• 2. Thirst, like fear and pain, can be
  tolerated if the will to carry on, supported by
• calm, purposeful activity is strong.
• 3. When the bodys water balance is not
  maintained, thirst and discomfort result.
• Ultimately, a water imbalance will
  result in dehydration.
• 4. While prevention is the best way to
  avoid dehydration, virtually any degree of
• dehydration is reversible simply by
  drinking water.
• H. Cold and Heat.
• 1. Cold is a serious stress since even
  in mild degree it lowers the ability to function.
  

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Chapter 1-4

• I. Hunger.
• 1. Hunger and semi-starvation are more
  commonly experienced among survivors
• than thirst and dehydration.
• 2. An early effort should be made to
  procure and consume food to reduce the stresses
• brought on by the lack of food.
• 3. Controlling hunger during survival
  episodes is relatively easy if the survivor can
• adjust to discomfort and adapt to
  primitive conditions.
• J. Fatigue.
• 1. A survivor must continually cope with
  fatigue and avoid the accompanying strain
• and loss of efficiency.
• 2. A survivor must avoid complete
  exhaustion which may lead to physical and
• psychological changes.
• 3. Although a person should avoid
  working to complete exhaustion, in emergencies
• certain tasks must be done in spite
  of fatigue.
• a. Rest is a basic factor for recovery from
  fatigue and is also important in
• resisting further fatigue.
• b. Short rest breaks during extended stress
  periods can improve total output.
• c. Survivors should rest before output shows
  a definite decline.
• d. Fatigue can be reduced by working
  smarter.

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Chapter 1-4

• Sleep Deprivation.
• 1. The effects of sleep loss are closely
  related to those of fatigue.
• 2. Sleeping at unaccustomed times, sleeping
  under strange circumstances (in a strange place,
  in noise, in light, or in other distractions) or
  missing part or all of the accustomed amount of
  sleep will cause a person to react with feelings
  of weariness, irritability, emotion, tension, and
  some loss of efficiency.
• 3. When one is deprived of sleep, sleepiness
  usually comes in waves. A person may suddenly be
  sleepy immediately after a period of feeling
  awake.
• Isolation.
• 1. Loneliness, helplessness, and despair which
  are experienced by survivors when they are
  isolated are among the most severe survival
  stresses.
• 2. Isolation can be controlled and overcome by
  knowledge, understanding, deliberate
  countermeasures, and a determined will to resist
  it.

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Chapter 1-4

• III. Natural Reactions.
• It is not surprising that the average person
  will have some
• psychological reactions in a survival situation.
• A. Fear.
• 1. Fear is an emotional response to dangerous
  circumstances that we believe have the potential
  to cause death, injury, or illness.
• 2. Fear can save a lifeor it can cost
  one. Some people are at their best when they are
  scared.
• 3. Anyone who faces life-threatening
  emergencies fear. Fear is conscious when it
  results from a recognized situation or when
  experienced as worry of upcoming disaster.
• 4. Fear also occurs at a subconscious
  level and creates feelings of uneasiness,
  general discomfort, worry, or depression.

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Chapter 1-4

• Anxiety.
• 1. Associated with fear is anxiety. Because it
  is natural for us to be afraid, it is also
  natural for us to experience anxiety.
• 2. Anxiety can be an uneasy feeling we get when
  faced with dangerous situations (physical,
  mental, and emotional). It is generally felt when
  individuals perceive
• something bad is about to happen.
• 3. To survive, the survivor must learn
  techniques to calm his anxieties and keep them in
  range where they help, not hurt.

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Chapter 1-4

• Insecurity.
• 1. Insecurity is the survivors feeling of
  helplessness or inadequacy resulting from
• varied stresses and anxieties.
• 2. These anxieties may be caused by uncertainty
  regarding individual goals, abilities,
• and the future in a survival situation.
• 3. The better a survivor feels about individual
  abilities to achieve goals and adequately meet
  personal needs, the more secure the survivor will
  feel.

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Chapter 1-4

• Loss of Self-Esteem.
• 1. Self-esteem is the state or quality of
  having personal self-respect and pride.
• 2. Lack of (or loss of) self-esteem in a
  survivor may bring on depression and a change in
  perspective and goals.
• 3. Survivors should try to maintain proper
  perspective about both the situation and
  themselves.
• Loss of Self-Determination.
• 1. Some factors which may cause individuals to
  feel they have lost the power of
  self-determination are bad weather, or rescue
  forces that make time or movement demands.
• 2. Survivors must decide how unpleasant factors
  will be allowed to affect their
• mental state. They must have the
  self-confidence, fostered by experience and
• training, to live with their feelings and
  decisions, and to accept responsibility for both
  the way they feel and how they let those feelings
  affect them.

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• F. Anger.
• 1. Anger is a strong feeling of displeasure and
  belligerence aroused by a real or
• supposed wrong.
• 2. People become angry when they cannot fulfill
  a basic need or desire which seems
• important to them.
• 3. When anger is not relieved, it may turn into
  a more enduring attitude of hostility,
• characterized by a desire to hurt or
  destroy the person or thing causing the
  frustration.
• 4. When anger is intense, the survivor loses
  control over the situation, resulting in
• impulsive behavior which may be destructive
  in nature.
• G. Frustration.
• 1. Frustration occurs when ones efforts are
  stopped, either by obstacles blocking
• progress toward a goal or by not having a
  realistic goal.
• 2. It can also occur if the feeling of
  self-worth or self-respect is lost. The goal of
• survival is to stay alive until you can
  reach help or until help can reach you.
• 3. Frustration must be controlled by channeling
  energies into a positive, worthwhile,
• and obtainable goal.

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Chapter 1-4

• Panic.
• 1. In the face of danger, a person may
  panic or freeze and cease to function in an
  organized manner.
• 2. A person experiencing panic may have no
  conscious control over individual actions.
• 3. Panic is brought on by a sudden
  overwhelming fear, and can often spread quickly
  through a group of people.
• 4. Panic has the same signs as fear and
  should be controlled in the same manner as fear.
• Hate.
• 1. Hatefeelings of intense dislike,
  extreme aversion, or hostilityis a powerful
  emotion which can have both positive and
  negative effects on a survivor.
• 2. An understanding of the emotion and its
  causes is the key to learning to control it.
• 3. Survivors must not allow hate to control
  them.
• Resentment.
• 1. Resentment is the experiencing of an
  emotional state of displeasure toward some act,
  remark, or person that has been regarded as
  causing personal insult or injury.
• 2. It is damaging to morale and could affect
  survival chances if feelings of resentment over
  anothers attainments become too strong.

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Chapter 1-4

• Depression.
• 1. As a survivor, depression is the biggest
  psychological problem that has to be
  conquered.
• 2. Depressed survivors may feel fearful,
  guilty, or helpless. They may lose interest in
• the basic needs of life. Many cases of
  depression also involve pain, fatigue, loss of
• appetite, or other physical ailments. Some
  depressed survivors try to injure or kill
• themselves.
• 3. Depression usually begins after a
  survivor has met the basic needs for sustaining
• life, such as water, shelter, and food.
  Then there is often too much time to dwell on
• the past, the present situation, and on
  future problems.
• 4. The survivor must be aware of the necessity
  to keep the mind and body active to
• eliminate the feeling of depression.
• Impatience.
• 1. The effects of impatience can cause changes
  in physical and mental well-being.
• 2. Survivors who allow impatience to control
  their behavior may find that their
• efforts prove to be counterproductive and
  possibly dangerous.

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Chapter 1-4

• Loneliness and Boredom.
• 1. As human beings we enjoy the company of
  others. Very few people want to be alone all the
  time.
• 2. The ability to combat feelings of loneliness
  during a survival episode must be developed long
  before the episode occurs. Self-confidence and
  self-sufficiency are key factors in coping with
  loneliness.
• 3. In a survival situation, the countermeasure
  to conquer loneliness is to be active, to plan
  and think purposefully.
• Hopelessness.
• 1. Hopelessness stems from negative
  feelingsregardless of actions taken, success is
• impossible, or the certainty that future
  events will turn out for the worst no matter
• what a person tries to do.
• 2. One way to treat hopelessness is to
  eliminate the cause of the stress. Rest, comfort,
  
• and morale building activities can help
  eliminate this psychological problem.
• O. Guilt.
• 1. It is not uncommon to feel guilty
  about being spared from death while others were
  not.
• 2. This feeling, when used in a positive way,
  has encouraged people to try harder to
  survive with the belief they were allowed
  to live for some greater purpose in life.
• 3. The living who abandon their chance to
  survive accomplish nothing.

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Chapter 1-4

• IV. Preparing Yourself. Your mission as a
  survivor in a survival situation is to stay
  alive.
• A. Know Yourself.
• 1. Through training, family, and friends take
  the time to discover who you are on the inside.
• 2. Strengthen your stronger qualities and
  develop the areas that you know are
• necessary to survive.
• B. Anticipate Fears.
• 1. Dont pretend that you will have no
  fears.
• 2. The goal is not to eliminate the fear,
  but to build confidence in your ability to
• function despite your fears.

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Chapter 1-4

• C. Be Realistic.
• 1. Dont be afraid to make an honest
  estimate of situations. See circumstances as they
  are, not as you want them to be.
• 2. Keep your hopes and expectations
  within the estimate of the situation. Follow the
  saying, Hope for the best, prepare for the
  worst.
• D. Adopt a Positive Attitude.
• 1. Learn to see the potential good in
  everything.
• 2. Looking for the good not only boasts
  morale, it also is excellent for exercising your
  imagination and creativity.
• E. Remind Yourself What is at Stake.
• 1. Remember, failure to prepare yourself
  psychologically to cope with survival leads to
  reactions such as depression, carelessness,
  inattention, loss of confidence, poor
  decisionmaking, and giving up before the body
  gives in.
• 2. At stake is your life and the lives of
  others who are depending on you to do your share.

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Chapter 1-4

• F. Train.
• 1. Through military training and life
  experiences, begin today to prepare yourself to
  cope with the hardship of survival.
• 2. Demonstrating your skills in training
  will give you the confidence to call upon them
  should the need arise.
• G. Learn Stress Management Techniques.
• 1. People under stress have a potential
  to panic if they are not well-trained and not
  prepared psychologically to face whatever the
  circumstances maybe.
• 2. Learning stress management techniques
  can significantly enhance your capability to
  remain calm and focused as you work to keep
  yourself and others alive.
• 3. A few good techniques to develop
  include relaxation skills, time management
  skills, assertiveness skills, and the ability to
  control how you view a situation.
• 4. Remember, the will to survive can
  also be considered, the refusal to give up.

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Chapter 1-5 The Will to Survive
57
Chapter 1-5 The Will to Survive

• 1. Chapter Objective
• Know the importance of having the will to
  survive in hopeless situations.
• 2. Samples of Behavior/Main Points
• a. Define the will to survive.
• b. Describe how the will to survive can
  overcome most hardships.
• c. Describe the importance of overcoming
  stress.
• d. Define crisis period and coping period.
• e. Describe what occurs during the crisis
  period.
• f. Describe the actions of the survivor during
  the coping period.
• g. Identify the most important element of the
  will to survive.
• h. List four physical and psychological
  discomforts a survivor will encounter.
• i. State why overcoming fear is important to a
  survivor.
• j. Identify one of the survivors key assets.

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Chapter 1-5 The Will to Survive

• I. The Will To Live. With the right frame of
  mind, a person can survive hopeless situations.
• A. How can you develop a positive mental
  attitude?
• 1. Some people seem to have a natural
  ability to remain optimistic in the face of
• hardship, and everyone can practice
  the mental toughness survival situations
• demand.
• 2. Push yourself now and then when
  conditions are right so that you realize you have
  
• those energy reserves and mental
  toughness, and in a real emergency they may tip
• the balance in your favor.
• B. The will to survive is defined as the
  desire to live despite seemingly hopeless mental
• and/or physical obstacles.
• 1. The tools for survival are furnished
  by the individual and the environment.
• 2. The training for survival comes from
  survival publications, instruction, and the
• individuals own efforts.
• 3. But tools and training are not enough
  without a will to survive.
• 4. In fact, the records prove that
  will alone has been the deciding factor in many
  

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Chapter 1-5 The Will to Survive

• II. Overcoming Stress. The ability of the mind
  to overcome stress and hardship becomes
• most apparent when there appears to be little
  chance of a person surviving.
• A. Crisis Period.
• 1. The crisis period is the point at
  which the person realizes the gravity of the
• situation and understands that the
  problem will not go away.
• 2. At this stage, action is needed. Most
  people will experience shock in this stage as a
• result of not being ready to face
  this new challenge.
• 3. Shock during a crisis is normally a
  response to being overcome with anxiety.
• Thinking will be disorganized. At
  this stage, direction will be required because
  the
• individual is being controlled by
  the environment.
• 4. The persons center of control is
  external.
• 5. In a group survival episode, a
  natural leader may appear who will direct and
• reassure the others.
• 6. But if the situation continues to
  control the individual or the group, the response
  
• may be panic, behavior may be
  irrational, and judgment is impaired.
• 7. In a lone-survivor episode, the
  individual must gain control of the situation and
  
• respond helpfully.

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Chapter 1-5 The Will to Survive

• B. Coping Period.
• 1. The coping period begins after the
  survivor recognizes the gravity of the situation
  and resolves to endure it rather than give in.
• 2. The survivor must tolerate the effects
  of physical and emotional stresses. These
  stresses can cause anxiety which becomes the
  greatest obstacle of self-control and solving
  problems.
• 3. Coping with the situation requires
  considerable internal control.
• 4. For example, the survivor must often
  overcome urgent desires to travel when that would
  be counterproductive and dangerous.
• 5. A person must have patience to sit in
  an emergency action shelter while confronted with
  an empty stomach, aching muscles, numb toes, and
  suppressed feelings of depression and
  hopelessness.

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Chapter 1-5 The Will to Survive

• C. Attitude.
• 1. The survivors attitude is the most
  important element of the will to survive. With
• the proper attitude, almost anything
  is possible.
• 2. The desire to live is sometimes based
  on the feelings toward another person and/or
• thing. Love and hatred are two
  emotional extremes which have moved people to
• do exceptional things physically and
  mentally.
• 3. The lack of a will to survive can
  sometimes be identified by the individuals lack
• of motivation to meet his survival
  needs.
• 4. It is essential to strengthen the will
  to survive during an emergency. The first step
• is to avoid a tendency to panic or
  fly off the handle.
• 5. Sit down, relax, and analyze the
  situation rationally. Once thoughts are collected
  
• and thinking is clear, the next step
  is to make decisions.
• 6. Failure to decide on a course of
  action is actually a decision for inaction.
• 7. This lack of decision making may even
  result in death.
• 8. Tolerance is the next topic of
  concern. A survivor will have to deal with many
• physical and psychological
  discomforts, such as unfamiliar animals, insects,
  
• loneliness, and depression.
• 9. Survivors must face and overcome fears
  to strengthen the will to survive. These
• fears may be founded or unfounded, or
  be generated by the survivors uncertainty

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Chapter 1-5 The Will to Survive

• D. Optimism.
• 1. One of a survivors key assets is
  optimismhope and faith.
• 2. Survivors must maintain a positive,
  optimistic outlook on their circumstance and how
  well they are doing.
• 3. Prayer or meditation can be helpful.
  How a survivor maintains optimism is not so
  important as its use.
• E. Summary.
• 1. Survivors do not choose or welcome
  their fate and would escape it if they could.
  They are trapped in a world of seemingly total
  dominationa world hostile to life and any sign
  of dignity or resistance.
• 2. The survival mission is not an easy
  one, but it is one in which success can be
  achieved.

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Unit TwoPersonal Protection
64
Chapter 2-1 Basic Survival Medicine

• Chapter 2-1 Basic Survival Medicine
• 1. Chapter Objective
• Know basic survival medicine procedures,
  treatments, and prevention measures when faced
  with medical encounters.
• 2. Samples of Behavior/Main Points
• a. List some of the most frequent injuries.
• b. Describe the procedures and expedients that
  survival medicine encompasses.
• c. State and describe what is essential to
  prevent infection in a survival situation.
• d. Describe what reduces the chances of
  infection from small scratches and abrasions.
• e. Describe ways a survivor can take a bath
  when water is in short supply.
• f. Describe how to care for the mouth and
  teeth.
• g. Describe how to care for the feet.
• h. Describe why rest is important to a
  survivor.
• i. List the rules for avoiding illness.
• j. Describe what could cause breathing
  problems.
• k. Define tourniquet.
• l. Describe how to control external bleeding.
• m. Define gangrene.
• n. Define shock.
• o. Describe how to treat injured persons
  suffering from shock.

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Chapter 2-1 Basic Survival Medicine

• I. Medical Encounters.
• A. The most frequent injuries are fractures,
  strains, sprains, and dislocations, as
  well as burns and other types of wounds.
• 1. Many survivors have difficulty in treating
  injuries and illness due to the lack of
  training and medical supplies.
• 2. Injuries and illnesses unusual to certain
  environments can reduce survival
  expectancy. In cold climates, and often in an
  open sea survival situation, exposure to
  extreme cold can produce serious tissue trauma,
  such as frostbite, or death from
  hypothermia.
• 3. Exposure to heat in warm climates, and in
  certain areas on the open seas, can
  produce heat cramps, heat exhaustion, or
  life-threatening heatstroke.
• B. Procedures.
• 1. Survival medicine encompasses procedures
  and expedients that are
• a. Required and available for the
  preservation of health and the
  prevention, improvement, or treatment of injuries
  and illness encountered during
  survival.
• b. Suitable for application by nonmedical
  personnel in the circumstances of the
  survival situation.
• 2. Survival medicine is more than first aid in
  the conventional sense. It approaches
  final treatment in that it is not dependent upon
  the availability of technical medical
  assistance within a reasonable period of time.

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Chapter 2-1 Basic Survival Medicine

• II. Health Requirement.
• A. Personal Hygiene.
• 1. In a survival situation, cleanliness
  is essential to prevent infection. Adequate
  personal cleanliness will not only protect
  against disease germs that are present in
  individuals surroundings, but will also
  protect the group by reducing the spread of
  these germs.
• 2. Washing the face, hands, and feet
  reduces the chances of infection from small
  scratches and abrasions.
• 3. Soap, although an aid, is not
  essential to keeping clean. Ashes, sand, and
  fertile soil may be used to clean the body and
  cooking utensils.
• 4. When water is in short supply, the
  survivor should take an air bath or sun bath.
• 5. Hair should be kept trimmed,
  preferably 2 inches or less in length, and the
  face should be clean-shaven.
• 6. Hair provides a surface for the
  attachment of parasites and the growth of
  bacteria.
• 7. The principal means of infecting food
  and open wounds is contact with unclean hands.

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Chapter 2-1 Basic Survival Medicine

• B. Care of the Mouth and Teeth.
• 1. The mouth and teeth should be cleansed
  thoroughly with a toothbrush at least once each
  day.
• 2. When a toothbrush is not available, a
  chewing stick can be made from a twig.
• 3. Gum tissues should be stimulated by rubbing
  them vigorously with a clean finger each day.
• 4. Use as much care cleaning dentures and other
  dental appliances, removable or fixed, as when
  cleaning natural teeth.
• 5. If you have cavities you can make temporary
  fillings by placing candle wax, tobacco, aspirin,
  hot pepper, toothpaste or powder, or portions of
  ginger root into the cavity.

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Chapter 2-1 Basic Survival Medicine

• C. Care of the Feet.
• 1. Proper care of the feet is of the utmost
  importance in a survival situation, especially if
  the survivor has to travel.
• 2. The feet should be washed, dried thoroughly,
  and massaged each day.
• 3. If water is in short supply, the feet should
  be air cleaned along with the rest of the
  body.
• 4. Toenails should be trimmed straight across
  to prevent the development of ingrown
  toenails.
• 5. Boots should be broken in before wearing
  them on any mission.
• 6. Socks should be large enough to allow the
  toes to move freely but not so loose that they
  wrinkle.
• 7. When traveling, the feet should be examined
  regularly to see if there are any red spots or
  blisters

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Chapter 2-1 Basic Survival Medicine

• D. Clothing and Bedding.
• 1. Clothing and bedding can have disease
  germs which may be present on the skin, in
• the stool, in the urine, or in
  secretion of the nose and throat.
• 2. Outer clothing should be washed with
  soap and water when it becomes soiled.
• Under clothing and socks should be
  changed daily.
• 3. Sleeping bags should be turned inside
  out, fluffed, and aired after each use.
• 4. Bed linen should be changed at least
  once a week, and the blankets, pillows, and
• mattresses should be aired and
  sunned.
• E. Rest.
• 1. Rest is necessary for the survivor
  because it not only restores physical and mental
• energy, but also promotes healing
  during an illness or after an injury.
• 2. If possible, regular rest periods
  should be planned in each days activities.
• 3. The survivor must learn to become
  comfortable and to rest under less than ideal
• conditions.

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Chapter 2-1 Basic Survival Medicine

• F. Rules for Avoiding Illness.
• 1. All water obtained from natural
  sources should be purified before consumption.
• 2. The ground in the camp area should not
  be soiled with urine or feces. When toilets
• are not available, individuals
  should dig cat holes and cover their waste.
• 3. Fingers and other infected objects
  should never be put into the mouth. Hands
• should be washed before handling any
  food or drinking water, care of the mouth
• and teeth, caring for the sick and
  injured, and handling any material likely to
  carry
• disease germs.
• 4. After each meal, all eating utensils
  should be cleaned and disinfected in boiling
  water.
• 5. The mouth and teeth should be cleansed
  thoroughly at least once each day.
• 6. Bites and insects can be avoided by
  keeping the body clean, by wearing proper
• protective clothing, and by using
  head net, improvised bed nets, and insect
• repellents.
• 7. Wet clothing should be exchanged for
  dry clothing as soon as possible to avoid
• unnecessary body heat loss.
• 8. Do not share personal items.
• 9. Remove and bury all food scraps, cans,
  and garbage.
• 10. A survivor should get 7 to 8 hours of
  sleep each night.

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Chapter 2-1 Basic Survival Medicine

• III. Medical Emergencies.
• A. Breathing Problems. Any one of the
  following can cause airway difficulty, resulting
  in stopped breathing.
• 1. Foreign matter in the mouth or throat
  that blocks the opening to the trachea.
• 2. Face or neck injuries.
• 3. Inflammation and swelling of mouth and
  throat caused by inhaling smoke, flames, and
  irritating vapors or by an allergic
  reaction.
• 4. Kink in the throat (caused by the
  neck bent forward so that the chin rests
  upon the chest) may block the passage of air.
• 5. Tongue blocks passage of air to the
  lungs upon unconsciousness.

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• B. Severe Bleeding.
• 1. Severe bleeding from any major blood
  vessel in the body is extremely dangerous.
• 2. The loss of 1 liter of blood will
  produce moderate symptoms of shock.
• 3. The loss of 2 liters will produce a
  severe state of shock that places the body in
  extreme danger.
• 4. The loss of 3 liters is usually fatal.
• C. Control Bleeding.
• 1. In a survival situation, you must
  control serious bleeding immediately because
  replacement fluids normally are not available
  and the victim can die within a matter of
  minutes.
• 2. The tourniquet, when required and
  properly used, will save life. If improperly
  used, it may cost the life of the survivor.

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Chapter 2-1 Basic Survival Medicine

• D. External Bleeding.
• 1. Arterial. Blood vessels called
  arteries carry blood away from the heart and
  through the body.
• a. A cut artery issues bright red blood from
  the wound in distinct spurts or pulses that
  correspond to the rhythm of the heartbeat.
• b. Arterial bleeding is the most serious type
  of bleeding. If not controlled promptly, it can
  be fatal.
• 2. Venous. Venous blood is blood that is
  returning to the heart through blood vessels
  called veins.
• a. A steady flow of dark red, maroon, or
  bluish blood, characterizes bleeding from a vein.
• b. You can usually control venous bleeding
  more easily than arterial bleeding.
• 3. Capillary. The capillaries are the
  extremely small vessels that connect the arteries
  with the veins. Most commonly occurs in minor
  cuts and scrapes.
• 4. You can control external bleeding by
  direct pressure, indirect (pressure points)
  pressure, elevation, digital legation, or
  tourniquet.
• a. Direct Pressure. The most effective way to
  control external bleeding is by applying pressure
  directly over the wound.
• b. Elevation.