Title: KANTS CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE
1KANTS CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE
- UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLE
- A person should act that the principle of ones
act could become a universal law of human action
in a world in which one would hope to live. - A person should treat other people as having
intrinsic value, and not merely as a means to
achieve ones end.
2CONTRACTARIAN DEONTOLOGY
- John Locke
- Each individual has inalienable natural rights.
The purpose of society is to protect these rights - Rawls (Veil of Ignorance)
- Social Justice is created when rational people
would formulate rights if they did not know
whether or not these principles would apply to
them.
3CRITICAL QUESTIONS?
- DO ALL HUMANS HAVE POTENTIAL FOR GREATNESS?
- WHAT ARE SOME OF THESE POTENTIALITIES?
- ARE PEOPLE SOCIAL BY NATURE?
4HUMAN NATURE ETHICS
- ARISTOTLE
- All humans share innate capacities and desires.
All Humans are social creatures and therefore
have the capacity to become excellent members of
society. This is done by studying, becoming wise
and participating in politics. - Negative behavior is a result of not being
allowed to reach full potential
5BUSINESS ETHICS AND ECONOMIC SENSE
- Adam Smith
- The Wealth of Nations
- It is not from the benevolence of the butcher,
the brewer,or the baker that we expect out
dinner, but from their own interest. We address
not heir humanity but their self-love
6ADAM SMITH INThe Theory of Moral Sentiments
- There is a need to go beyond profit maximization
to humanity, justice, generosity, and public
spirit.
7ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONSFOUNDATIONS
- Common Behavior Patterns
- Shared Trusts
- Mutual Confidence
8OTHER FORMS OF CAPITALISM
- Japanese Ethos
- Honor
- Duty
- Confucian
- Hard Work
- Thrift
- Family
9Public Good
- All Benefit
- Non-Competitive
- Ones Consumption does not exclude another
- EXTERNALITIES
- Public Ownership
- Public Regulation
- Public Concern in Private Decisions
10CRITICAL QUESTIONS?
- WHAT IS TRUTH?
- WHAT IS A LIE?
11TRUTHFULNESSEmmanuel Kant 1771
- TRUTH TELLING LEADS TO
- DISCOURSE WHICH LEADS TO
- FELLOWSHIP WHICH LEADS TO
- FORMATION OF A SOCIETY
12GENERALLY TO LIE IS EVIL AND TO BE A LIAR IS TO
BE A COWARD
- SILENCE
- Not an option because it is view as unsocial
- SECRETS
- Telling secrets is like giving presents and a
nature inclination. Strength is in keeping them. - TRUTH
- Important because one of two way to gain
knowledge. The other is experience.
13- LIE
- When giving impression that you are telling the
truth - FALSE STATEMENTS OK WHEN
- Other person does not have the right to demand
the truth - Other person may make wrong use of the truth
- Other person may harm you
- FLATTERY
- Can be act of kindness (weakness) or treachery
- FAULT FINDING
- OK for someone in authority when used with love,
goodwill, or sweetness - SPYING
- We have no right to spy on others
- ANY ACT THAT WORKS AGAINST FRANKNESS LOWERS THE
DIGNITY OF HUMAN KIND
14CRITICAL QUESTIONS?
- IS IT APPROPRIATE FOR BUSINESS TO HAVE ITS OWN
ETHICAL RULES?
15Is Business Bluffing Ethical?Albert Carr (1968)
- BUSINESS IS A GAME WITH ITS OWN ETHICS
- FALSEHOOD IS NOT FALSHOOD WHEN TRUTH IS NOT
EXPECTED BY THE OTHER SIDE - THE GAME PRESSURES PEOPLE TO DECEIVE. DECEPTION
MUST BE WITHIN LIMITS OF THE RULES OF THE GAME
(LAW)
16- ETHICS ARE OF VALUE WHEN THEY ADD VALUE TO THE
BUSINESS - TO WIN ONE MUST PLAY TO WIN
- THERE ARE BOUNDARIES TO BEHAVIORS AND DEFINITIONS
OF HONESTY, INTEGRITY AND DECENCY WITH THE GAME.
17CRITICAL QUESTIONS?
- WHAT ARE THE BASIC SETTLED ETHICS IN BUSINESS
DEALINGS? - WHAT ROLE SHOULD GOVERNMENT (POLITICS PLAY)?
18LIMITS OF BUSINESS ETHICSJoseph Betz (1999)
- INFORMAL
- You may do unto others what experience teaches us
they might do to us. - FORMAL
- Law
19BUSINESS AND LAW
- SINCE THE ETHICAL BAR IS SO LOW, SOCIETY MUST
CONSTANTLY WRITE LAWS REGULATING BUSINESS.
20CRITICAL QUESTIONS?
- How much should you trust another in business
negotiation? - Is the market place established as a place to
deceive others?
21Promoting Honesty in NegotiationsCramton Dees
- Foundation Theory
- Most people place a high value on their own
welfare - There is weakness in all of us
- Others will behave ethically only if they expect
others to do the same
22NEGOTIATION
- FALSE IMPRESSIONS
- PRIVILEDGED ACCESS TO INFORMATION
- USE OF THREATS AND PROMISES
- UNDISCLOSED SETTLEMENT PREFERENCES
23Factors Affecting Honesty
- Asymmetry of Information
- Verification is Difficult
- Intention to Deceive is difficult to establish
- Insufficient resources
- Interaction is infrequent
- Ex Post redress is costly
- Reputation information not available
- Unique circumstances
- To much to lose to be honest
24LIMITING DECEPTION
- VERIFY CLAIMS
- DEVELOP CONTRACTS (Warranties/ Bonds/ \Escrow)
- PRESERVATION OF REPUTATION
- LIMIT MORAL HAZARDS (Shirking Responsibilities)
25REAL WORLD LIMITS
- Legal and Regulatory Protection
- Institutional Verification Available
- Standard Contracts
- Third Party Negotiators
- Credentials Individuals Available
26PREPARING FOR NEGOTIATIONS
- Determine incentives for deception
- Determine character of other side
- Determine your attitudes toward issues and others
27BUILDING TRUST
- Face to Face Contact
- Create opportunities to display trust
- Demonstrate your trustworthiness
- Place negotiations in long term context
- Bring in trusted intermediaries
- Self Protection