GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

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GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT
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CONTENTS

• INTRODUCTION
• HISTORY
• ELEMENTS
• PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
• MEASURING DISTANCE
• GPS MEASUREMENT ERRORS
• TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE ACCURACY
• APPLICATIONS

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INTRODUCTION

• GIS
• It is a computerized information storage
  processing and retrieval system that has hardware
  and software especially designed to cope with
  geographical referenced spatial data

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GIS

• Techniques to input geographical information
  converting the information to digital form
• Techniques for sorting information in a compact
  format on computer disk or digital storage media
• Can analyze, make measurements and find optimum
  sites or routes and a hosts of other tasks
• Can predict outcome of various scenarios, can
  display data in the form of maps, images etc

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GPS HISTORY

• LAUNCH OF SPUTNIK IN 1957
• TRANSIT SYSTEM IN 1960
• F.O.C (Full Operational Capacity) IN JULY 17 1995
• ICO
• NAVSTAR
• DESIGNED BY U.S DoD
• PRECISE LOCATION
• ACCURATE TIME

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GPS ELEMENTS

• 1. SPACE SEGMENT
• 2. CONTROL SEGMENT
• 3. USER SEGMENT

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SPACE SEGMENT

• 24 SATELLITES IN A CONSTELLATION OF 6 ORBITAL
  PLANES, EACH SATELLITE COMPLETES 1 REVOLUTION IN
  12 HOURS
• 6 ORBITS INCLINED 55 DEGREES FROM THE EQUATOR
• 4 SATELLITES FOR 3-D POSITIONING
• This configuration provides for at least 4
  equally spaced satellites within each of the
  orbital planes

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CONTROL SEGMENT

• MONITOR STATIONS
• MASTER CONTROL STATION
• Frequency L11575.42 MHz C/A code, L21227.60 MHz
  P code

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CONTROL SEGMENT
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USER SEGMENT

• CONSISTS OF GPS RECEIVER,ANTENNA AND PROCESSOR
• SPS-STANDARD POSITIONING SERVICE
• PPS-PRECISE POSITIONING SERVICE

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PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

• TRILATERATION PRINCIPLE
• A body cannot occupy 2 positions in space
  simultaneously
• 2-D TRILATERATION
• 3-D TRILATERATION

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2-D TRILATERATION
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3-D TRILATERATION
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MEASURING DISTANCE

• SATELLITE AND THE RECEIVER GENERATE SAME
  PSEUDO-RANDOM CODES AT THE SAME TIME
• MEASURING HOW LONG THE SIGNAL TAKES TO REACH US
• MULTIPLY THE TRAVEL TIME BY THE SPEED OF LIGHT

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GPS MEASUREMENT ERRORS

• CLOCK
• IONOSPHERE
• MULTIPATH

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TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE ACCURACY

• DGPS
• DIFFERENTIAL GPS
• WAAS
• WIDE AREA AUGMENTATION SYSTEM

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APPLICATIONEnvironmental Management

• Data Representation
• Vector method
• Raster method
• Predict climate changes, outcome of various
  scenarios

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APPLICATIONS

• MILITARY APPLICATIONS
• MISSILE GUIDANCE

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AIR NAVIGATION

• MOST DIRECT ROUTES BETWEEN AIRPORTS

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GPS IN COCKPIT

• .ACCURATE POSITION DATA

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SEA NAVIGATION

• MORE ACCURATE MAPS NAUTICAL AERONAUTICAL MAPS

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LAND NAVIGATION

• GPS IN VEHICLES
• MAPPING THE EARTH
• SET YOUR WATCH

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SURVEY

• SURVEYING WITH GPS
• SCIENCE IN THE FIELD

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AGRICULTURE

• GPS AND AGRICULTURE
• YIELD MAP

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CONCLUSION

• Satellite based navigational aid
• Guide by 24 satellites round the globe in 6
  orbits
• 3D positioning and time
• Type of terrain and weather does not effect
  positioning
• Cheap and precise operating equipment
• Inherent error correction mode
• A variant of GPS , DGPS has already been
  introduced

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• thank u