Biology

1
Introduction
2
Biology

• Study of life
• What is Life?

3
Some Properties of Living Things

• Order
• Reproduction
• Growth and development
• Energy utilization
• Response to stimuli
• Homeostasis
• Evolutionary adaptation

4
Order

• All characteristics of life emerge from an
  organisms highly ordered structure
• Notice the chambers in the Nautilus, your
  skeleton frame, the trees trunk and branches.

Nautilus sp.
5
Reproduction

• Organisms reproduce with their own kind
• Life comes only from life
• Sexual and asexual
• All organisms have DNA

male marmoset monkey
1.bp.blogspot.com
6
Growth and development

• DNA directs the pattern of growth and development
  
• Increase in size and number of cells
• Change in form and function

Obelia sp.
7
Energy utilization
flamingo feeding

• Energy is transformed into many kinds of work
• Metabolism (anabolism/catabolism)
• Sum of all biological chemical reactions

8
Response to stimuli
Drosera capensis

• Stimulations trigger a response
• Mechanoreception
• Chemoreception
• Photoreception

9
Homeostasis
Humboldt penguin

• Maintaining an organisms internal environment
  within tolerable limits
• Metabolic processes use energy to maintain
  balanced intracellular condition
• homeostasis (coined by Walter Cannon, 1930)

10
Evolutionary adaptation
flightless cormorant

• Life evolves as a result of the interaction
  between organisms and their environments
• Living things adjust adapt to their
  surroundings
• Adaptations allow organisms to survive in a
  particular environment
• Evolution is witnessed when the species changes

11
Two approaches to the study of life

• Reductionist
• Dismantling the parts
• Holistic
• Examine the whole
• Emergent properties
• Results from interactions between components

12
Hierarchy of Organization
1. atom Carbon (C) 2. molecule glucose (C6H12O6) 3. organelle mitochondrion 4. cell muscle cell 5. tissue muscle 6. organ heart 7. system circulatory system 8. organism Mouse 9. population - species mice 10. community college w/mice men 11. ecosystem community abiotic factors (soil, water, air) 12. biosphere earth
13
Taxonomy by Carolus Linnaeus

• The study of systems of classification is called
  taxonomy carried out by taxonomists
• The method of Linnaeus is called the binomial
  nomenclature system because a combination of two
  names, genus and specific epithet, uniquely
  identifies each organism
• Both genus and specific epithet are italicized
  genus capitalized, specific epithet lowercase

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• Specific epithet
• Genus
• Family
• Order
• Class
• Phylum
• Kingdom
• Domain

specific
general
15
Class Activity

• Write the following scientific name correctly
• genus MICROCOCCUS
• specific epithet LUTEUS

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answer

• genus MICROCOCCUS
• specific epithet LUTEUS
• Micrococcus luteus
• Micrococcus luteus

17
Organism Estimates

• Prokaryotes 6,300
• Protista 350,000
• Fungi 100,000
• Plantae 290,000
• Animalia 1,052,000
• total 1,800,000
• Update 1.8 million species id and named
• Thousands identified/classified each year

18
Cell types

• According to nucleus
• Prokaryote (prokaryotic cell) no nucleus
• Eukaryote (eukaryotic cell) with true nucleus
• According to Nutrition
• Autotroph self-feeder
• Heterotroph feeds on others

19
Three Domains of Life

• Bacteria
• Prokaryotic cells
• Archaea
• Prokaryotic cells
• Eukarya
• Eukaryotic cells.

20
Domain Archaea

• prokaryotes
• Ancient-type bacteria that thrive in
• heat
• salt
• acid conditions
• process methane

21
Domain Bacteria
Spirillum

• prokaryotes
• locations
• soil
• on other organisms
• on surfaces
• in the sea
• in fresh water

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Domain Eukarya

• The Eukaryotes, which have a nucleus, form a
  third domain, and comprise 4 kingdoms
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia

23
Protista

• Current debate on how to split the organisms into
  several kingdoms
• have a nucleus
• Eukaryotic unicellular (mostly)
• Protozoa example amoeba
• Protists example algae

24
Fungi

• Eukaryotic multicellular (mostly)
• Yeasts, mildew, molds, and mushrooms
• Non photosynthetic
• heterotrophs that absorb nutrients

mushrooms
25
Plantae

• Eukaryotic
• multicellular
• Complex organization
• Nonvascular (mosses) and vascular (ferns,
  conifers, flowering) plants
• Many photosynthetic (autotrophs)
• make carbohydrates from H2O CO2

26
Animalia

• Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophs, ingests
  food
• Complex tissues and organs
• Capacity for movement

27
Classification of Organisms
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Activity Identify the domain and kingdom

• 1. Living organism with DNA, rod-shaped and
  unicellular. Found living in the gut of humans.
  Ribosomes are present but the nucleus is absent.
  Heterotrophic in nature. Some strains are
  pathogenic to man but more are beneficial to man.

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• Living organism with DNA, rod-shaped and
  unicellular. Found living in the gut of humans.
  Ribosomes are present but the nucleus is absent.
  Heterotrophic in nature. Some strains are
  pathogenic to man but more are beneficial to man.

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Answer

• Domain Prokaryotes
• Kingdom Bacteria
• Escherichia coli aka E.coli

31
Activity Identify the domain and kingdom

• 2. This multicellular organism is motile. It is
  heterotrophic and ingests its food. The cells are
  rich in mitochondria which provide energy
  necessary for its movement.

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• This multicellular organism is motile. It is
  heterotrophic and ingests its food. The cells are
  rich in mitochondria which provide energy
  necessary for its movement.

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• Domain Eukarya
• Kingdom Animalia
• Example clown fish and Anemone

34
Activity Identify the domain and kingdom

• 3. A multicellular organism found in a tropical
  rain forest. It photosynthesizes (autotroph) and
  stores excess glucose in the form of starch. The
  cells are nucleated and contain chloroplasts and
  mitochondria.

35

• A multicellular organism found in a tropical rain
  forest. It photosynthesizes (autotroph) and
  stores excess glucose in the form of starch. The
  cells are nucleated and contain chloroplasts and
  mitochondria.

36

• Domain Eukarya
• Kingdom Plantae
• Example red mangrove tree

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Why so much diversity?

• Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882)
• H.M.S. Beagle (1831-1836)
• The Origin of Species, 1859
• On the Origin of Species by Means of
• Natural Selection
• descent with modification
• natural selection
• theory of evolution

38
Levels of Scientific Inquiry

• Hypothesis 
• A tentative explanation of a specific phenomenon 
• hypothesis of endosymbiosis
• Theory
• An explanatory idea that is broad in scope and
  supported by a large body of evidence
• theory of evolution, cell theory
• Law or Principle
• Widely accepted idea about a phenomenon
• Mendels Laws, Laws of Thermodynamics

39
Scientific Methodthe hypothetico-deductive
method

• Observation
• Question
• Hypothesis
• Prediction
• Test
• Results
• Conclusion

Observation
Question
Hypothesis
test does not support the hypothesis, it needs
to be revised
Prediction
test does support hypothesis make more predictions
Experimentation (tests)
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• Test the hypothesis
• by performing the
• experiment to see
• whether or not the
• results are as predicted.
• Deductive logic takes
• the form of Ifthen logic.
• The End