Cohesive devices

1
Cohesive devices.

• Remember to use parallel forms
• Parallel Word Forms
• Parallel Phrases
• Parallel Coordinate Conjunctions Paired Words

2
Parallel word forms

• She is young, bright and beautiful.
• (adjectives)
• The speaker spoke softly yet clearly.
• (adverbs)
• The scientist likes collecting, organizing and
  presenting data.
• (gerunds)

3
Parallel phrases

• Because it was late and (because) we needed a
  break, we stopped working and closed the
  restaurant for the night.
• A person who eats too much and (who) never
  exercises runs the risk of poor health

4
Parallel Coordinate Conjunctions and Paired Words

• Not
• More....than
• Rather than
• Both.and
• Not only.but also
• Whether.or
• Neithernor
• Eitheror

5
NOT President Carter, not President Reagan, was
a peanut farmer. MORE THAN He was more
disappointed than unhappy when his colleague was
promoted over him. RATHER THAN Hard work rather
than brilliance is required for this job.
6
BOTH.AND He is both a capable and a diligent
worker he deserves a raise. NOT ONLYBUT
ALSO Not only rivers but also lakes and oceans
are being polluted by industrial
waste. WHETHEROR Whether the cost of living
rises or interest rates go up, the average
citizen suffers.
7

NEITHERNOR Neither the psychiatrists nor the
psychologists have been able to state
definitively what causes dreams. EITHEROR Eithe
r the President or the Vice President will
present the award.
8
Parallel forms.

• are very important in helping your reader
  understand the relationship between ideas
• misunderstandings occur when items that are
  logically similar are not expressed in parallel
  forms.

9
Some parallel forms in English are fixed by usage
(they are idiomatic)

• Eyes, ears and nose
• Tall, dark and handsome
• Soft and cuddly
• Men, women and children
• But most parallel forms can be listed in random
  order or in some logical order
• Least to most important
• Left to right or Top to bottom
• Youngest to oldest, etc.

10
For example

• The roots, trunk and branches of that tree are
  infested with insects.
• We had known Sue as a baby, a child, a teenager
  and a young adult.

11
Find the mistakes in parallelism

• Betty likes writing, editing and to teach.
• My friend is young, a beautiful girl and
  artistic.
• The teacher taught skillfully and with wit.
• To be a doctor and curing the sick are my goals.
• Knowing what you want and to do it will bring you
  success.
• Im studying the origin of law and how it
  developed.

12
Rewrite the following sentences to correct any
errors in parallelism.

• Ex. Having no job and poor, the student had to
  drop out of school.
• Jobless and poor, the student had to drop out
  of school.
• 1. Because he was ill and because of being
  discouraged, the auto worker left his job.
• 2. A farmer spends his life tilling the soil,
  sowing seeds and he reaps the fruits of his
  labour.

13

• The accused man walked slowly and with confidence
  up to the witness stand.
• Doctors, lawyers and those who own big businesses
  make higher salaries than people who work at
  service jobs.
• 5. While I was at university, I worked as a
  waitress, as a typist and I babysat.

14

• To keep the garden in shape, the bushes should be
  watered weekly, and you should trim the trees
  yearly.
• 7. He is a man known for his integrity, and he is
  honest in business.
• 8. Scientists have been able to pinpoint as well
  as monitoring the changes that occur during
  dreams.
• 9. The bones in the body not only give the body
  shape but also to protect the heart, lungs, brain
  etc.

15
Combine the last three sentences of the following
paragraph, using not onlybut also Most people
think of the panda as a bear, but actually it is
related to a racoon. Like bears, pandas have bad
tempers. Like bears, they can use their sharp
claws and teeth to show their anger. Like
bears, they can be very dangerous.
16
Combine the last two sentences, using
while Several varieties of squash are grown in
the United States. The summer squashes,
including zucchini and pattypan, have soft skins
and are quite tender. Winter squashes such as
hubbard and pumpkin are hard-skinned.
17
Combine the last two sentences using not
only.,but also The College of Comedy in
Elberon, New Jersey, teaches people to be funny.
It is for comedians, gag writers, cartoonists
and other such professionals. It is for
everyone who wants to make laughter a part of
everyday life.
18
Combine the sentences using both asand as
Peanut butter is a favourite food found in many
American pantries because it is inexpensive and
nutritious. It is a good source of vitamins,
calcium and iron. Also, peanut butter is an
excellent protein supplement.
19
Combine the last two sentences using such
asgerund
Elephants are animals of many talents with
superior brains and generally docile
dispositions. In spite of their massive size,
elephants are remarkably agile and light on their
feet. In the circus, they do many tricks. They
spin balls, walk narrow planks, play catch, stand
on their heads and dance.
20
Combine the last three sentences, using because
The area of the Pacific Ocean alone is 25 larger
than that of all the land surfaces of the world
together. In fact, land is disappearing all of
the time. One reason is that land is washed into
the sea by rivers. Another reason is that the
Earths temperatures are rising and ice caps are
melting, causing the water levels of the oceans
to rise.
21
Combine the sentences below.
Billy the Kid was one of the most famous
gunfighters in the American Wild West. He was
a tall man. He was a slender man. He was a
strong man.
22
Combine the sentences using in which he stated
In 1900, Sigmund Freud published his book, The
Interpretation of Dreams. He states that dreams
are partly about recent experiences. He states
that dreams are also about wish fulfilment and
long-suppressed desires, fears and frustrations.
23
Complete the sentences in the following paragraph
by filling in the blanks with logical and
grammatically correct parallel forms

• Learning a language is a challenging experience,
  and in order to succeed, a learner must be
  persistent, unafraid to speak out and
  ________________. As children, we learn our own
  language without difficulty, but the older we
  get, the harder a second language is to learn.
  To understand what we hear, to speak clearly, to
  read effectively and ________________correctly
  take s a long time and a lot of hard work.

24
However, there are several categories of language
learners. Because they have a good ear and
________________ some people learn a new language
very quickly. Others who dont have such a
practiced ear or ________________can have a
terrible time with language learning. They may
take all the right steps, such as spending a lot
of time with native speakers, using the language
lab, reading as much as possible and
________________but they still have trouble
learning to use the language.
25
Some do very well in listening and speaking but
very poorly in ________________while others do
very well at writing and very poorly at
________________. For these people, learning a
language can be a frustrating and
________________experience.