Safety-Health-Environmrnt TRAINING PROGRAMME

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Safety-Health-Environmrnt TRAINING PROGRAMME
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Near miss

• Near Misses describe incidents where no
  property was damaged and no personnel injury was
  sustained but where , given a slight shift in
  time or position , damage and / or injury easily
  could have occurred .

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ICE BERG METAPHOR

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Near miss

• 1
  Serious injury
• 10
  Minor Injury
• 
  Property Damage
• 30
• 600
  Near
  
• 
  Miss
• 1969 ACCIDENT RATIO STUDY

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ACCIDENT

• An accident is an undesired and unintended event
  which results in physical harm and / or property
  damage .

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INCIDENT

• AN EVENT WHICH COULD OR DOES RESULT IN
  UNINTENDED HARM OR DAMAGE.

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SAFETY

• CONTROL OF ACCIDENTAL LOSS

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WHY SAFETY?

• PROTECTION OF PERSONNEL FROM SUFFERING
• PROTECTION OF PLANT AND PROPERTY
• UNINTERRUPTED PRODUCTION
• STATUTORY REQUIREMENT
• WELFARE OF THE COMMUNITY BY AVOIDING POLLUTION
• REPUTATION AND SELF RESPECT.

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10 CAUSES OF ACCIDENT.

1. VIOLATION OF PROCEDURES / RULES.
2. LACK OF PROPER INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE.
3. PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT NOT USED.
4. LACK OF COMMUNICATION.
5. HOUSEKEEPING.
6. UNSAFE CONDITIONS.
7. UNSAFE ACTS.
8. IMPROPER TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT.
9. INATTENTION / NEGLIGENCE.
10. POOR JUDGEMENT.

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OIL INDUSTRY SAFETY DIRECTORATE

• OISD - OIL INDUSTRY SAFETY DIRECTORATE UNDER
  MINISTRY OF PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GASES , GOVT.
  OF INDIA WAS FORMED IN 1986 , STAFFED FROM WITHIN
  THE INDUSTRY FOR FORMULATING AND IMPLEMENTING A
  SERIES OF SELF-REGULATORY MEASURES AIMED AT
  REMOVING OBSOLESCENCE , STANDARDISING AND
  UPGRADING THE

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OIL INDUSTRY SAFETY DIRECTORATE

• EXISTING STANDARDS TO ENSURE SAFER OPERATIONS .
• WHY WAS IT CONSTITUTED - THE OIL INDUSTRY IN
  INDIA IS OVER 100 YEARS OLD. AS SUCH VARIOUS
  PRACTICES HAVE BEEN IN VOGUE BECAUSE OF
  COLLABORATION / ASSOCIATION

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OIL INDUSTRY SAFETY DIRECTORATE

• WITH DIFFERENT FOREIGN COMPANIES AND
  GOVERNMENTS. STANDARDISATION IN DESIGN
  PHILOSOPHIES AND OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE
  PRACTICES AT A NATIONAL LEVEL WAS HARDLY IN
  EXISTENCE. THIS COUPLED WITH FEED BACK FROM SOME
  SERIOUS ACCIDENTS THAT OCCURRED IN THE RECENT
  PAST IN INDIA AND ABROAD , EMPHASISED THE

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OIL INDUSTRY SAFETY DIRECTORATE

• NEED FOR THE INDUSTRY TO REVIEW THE EXISTING
  STATE-OF THE -ART IN DESIGNING, OPERATING AND
  MAINTAINING OIL AND GAS INSTALLATIONS .

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LIST OF OISD STANDARDS

• A. Design Layout

SR.NO. STD. NO. STD. NAME
1 OISD STD 106 Process design and operating philosophies on pressure relief and disposal system
2 OISD STD 109 Process Design and Operating philosophies on blow down and sewer system
3 OISD STD 111 Process design and operating philosophies on fired process furnace
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDS

• A. Design Layout

SR.NO. STD. NO. STD. NAME
4 OISD STD 118 Layouts for Oil and Gas Installations
5 OISD STD 141 Design and Construction requirements for cross country hydrocarbon pipelines
6 OISD STD 144 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Installations
7 OISD STD 150 Design and Safety Requirements For Liquefied Petroleum Gas Mounded Storage Facility
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDS

• A. Design Layout

SR.NO. STD. NO. STD. NAME
8 OISD STD 151 Safety in Design, Fabrication and Fittings Propane Tank Trucks
9 OISD STD 152 Safety instrumentation for process system in hydrocarbon industry
10 OISD STD 159 LPG Tank Trucks Requirements of Safety on Design/Fabrication and Fittings
11 OISD STD 160 Protection to fittings mounted on existing LPG tank trucks
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDS

• A. Design Layout

SR.NO. STD. NO. STD. NAME
12 OISD STD 167 POL Tank lorry Design Safety
13 OISD STD 169 OISD Guidelines on Small LPG Bottling Plants (Design and Fire Protection facilities)
14 OISD STD 179 Safety Requirements On Compression, Storage, Handling Refueling Of Natural Gas For Use In Automotive Sector.
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDS

• A. Design Layout

SR.NO. STD. NO. STD. NAME
15 OISD STD 210 Storage, Handling and Refueling of LPG for automotive use
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDS

• B. OPERATING PRACTICES

SR.NO. STD. NO. STD. NAME
16 OISD STD 105 Work Permit System
17 OISD STD 108 Recommended Practices on Oil Storage and Handling
18 OISD STD 112 Safe handling of air hydrocarbon mixtures and pyrophoric substances
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDS

• B. OPERATING PRACTICES

SR.NO. STD. NO. STD. NAME
19 OISD STD 114 Hazardous Chemicals and their Handling
20 OISD RP 146 Preservation of idle electrical equipment
21 OISD RP 157 Recommended Practice for Transportation of Bulk Petroleum Products
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDS

• B. OPERATING PRACTICES

SR.NO. STD. NO. STD. NAME
22 OISD RP 158 Recommended Practices on Storage and Handling of Bulk Liquefied Petroleum Gas
23 OISD STD 162 Safety in installations and maintenance of LPG Cylinders Manifold
24 OISD STD 171 Preservation of Idle Static Rotary Equipments
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDS

• B. OPERATING PRACTICES

SR.NO. STD. NO. STD. NAME
25 OISD GDN 192 Safety Practices During Construction
26 OISD STD 194 Standard For Storage And Handling Of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
27 OISD GDN 211 Safety in Petroleum Laboratories
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDS

• C. MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION

SR.NO. STD. NO. STD. NAME
28 OISD STD 119 Inspection of Pumps
29 OISD STD 120 Inspection of Compressors
30 OISD STD 121 Inspection of turbines and Diesel Engines
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDS

• C. MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION

SR.NO. STD. NO. STD. NAME
31 OISD STD 122 Inspection of fans, blowers, gear boxes and agitators
32 OISD STD 123 Inspection of rotating equipments components
33 OISD STD 124 Predictive Maintenance Practices
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDS

• C. MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION

SR.NO. STD. NO. STD. NAME
34 OISD STD 125 Inspection and Maintenance of Mechanical Seals
35 OISD RP 126 Specific maintenance practices for rotating equipment
36 OISD RP 127 History recording of rotating equipment
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDS

• C. MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION

SR.NO. STD. NO. STD. NAME
37 OISD STD 128 Inspection of unfired pressure vessels
38 OISD STD 129 Inspection of storage tanks
39 OISD STD 130 Inspection pipes, valves and fittings
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDS

• C. MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION

SR.NO. STD. NO. STD. NAME
40 OISD STD 131 Inspection of Boilers
41 OISD STD 132 Inspection of pressure relieving devices
42 OISD STD 133 Inspection of fired heaters
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDS

• C. MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION

SR.NO. STD. NO. STD. NAME
43 OISD STD 134 Inspection of heat exchangers
44 OISD STD 135 Inspection of loading and unloading hoses for petroleum products
45 OISD STD 138 Inspection of cross country pipelines Onshore
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDS

• C. MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION

SR.NO. STD. NO. STD. NAME
46 OISD STD 139 Inspection of pipelines Offshore
47 OISD STD 140 Inspection of jetty pipelines
48 OISD STD 142 Inspection of fire fighting equipments and systems
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDS

• C. MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION

SR.NO. STD. NO. STD. NAME
49 OISD STD 153 Maintenance inspection of safety instrumentation in hydrocarbon industry
50 OISD STD 170 Inspection, Maintenance, Repairs and Rehabilitation of foundations and structures
51 OISD STD 177 Inspection Maintenance of Thermal Insulation
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDS

• C. MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION

SN STD. NO. STD. NAME
52 OISD STD 188 Corrosion Monitoring Of Offshore Onshore Pipelines
53 OISD STD 195 Safety in Design, Operation, Inspection and Maintenance of Hydrocarbon Gas Compressor Stations and Terminals
54 OISD GDN 207 Contractor Safety
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDS

• D. ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION

SN STD. NO. STD. NAME
55 OISD GDN 166 Guidelines for Occupational Health Monitoring in Oil and Gas Industry
56 OISD GDN 168 Emergency Preparedness Plan for Marketing Locations of Oil Industry
57 OISD GDN 199 Guidelines For Conducting Environmental Audit In Upstream Petroleum Sector (Onland)
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDS

• D. ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION

SN STD. NO. STD. NAME
58 OISD GDN 200 Guidelines For Preparation Of Oil Spill Response Contingency Plan
59 OISD GDN 196 Guidelines for Seeking Environmental Clearance of Development Projects in Petroleum Industry
60 OISD GDN 197 Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDS

• D. ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION

SN STD. NO. STD. NAME
61 OISD RP 201 Recommended Practices for Environment Protection in Upstream Petroleum Sector (Onland Facilities)
62 OISD GDN 212 Guidelines on Environmental Audit (Internal) in Downstream Petroleum Sector

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LIST OF OISD STANDARDS

• D. ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION

SN STD. NO. STD. NAME
63 OISD GDN 217 Formulation Of Environment Management Plan For Drilling Operations
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDS

• E. SAFETY FIRE PROTECTION

SN STD. NO. STD. NAME
64 OISD GDN 115 Guidelines on Fire Fighting, Equipment and Appliances in Petroleum Industry
65 OISD STD 116 Fire Protection facilities for Petroleum Refineries and Oil/Gas Processing Plants
66 OISD STD 117 Fire Protection Facilities for Petroleum Depots and Terminals and Pipelines Installations
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDS

• E. SAFETY FIRE PROTECTION

SN STD. NO. STD. NAME
67 OISD STD 155 (Part I) OISD STD 155 (Part II) Personal Personal Protective Equipment Part I Non-respiratory equipment Part II Respiratory Equipment
68 OISD STD 156 Fire Protection Facilities for Ports Handling Hydrocarbons
69 OISD STD 164 Fire Proofing in Oil Gas Industry
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDS

• E. SAFETY FIRE PROTECTION

SN STD. NO. STD. NAME
70 OISD STD 173 Fire Protection System for Electrical Installations
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDS

• F. TRAINING DVELOPMENTS

SN STD. NO. STD. NAME
71 OISD STD 154 Safety aspects in functional training  
72 OISD STD 176 Safety, Health Environment Training for Exploration Production (Upstream Personnel)
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDS

• G. Electrical Equipment Facilities

SN STD. NO. STD. NAME
73 OISD STD 110 Recommended Practices on Static Electricity
74 OISD STD 113 Classification of Area for electrical installation at Hydrocarbon processing and handling facilities
75 OISD STD 137 Inspection of electrical equipment
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDS

• G. Electrical Equipment Facilities

SN STD. NO. STD. NAME
76 OISD RP 147 Inspection safe practices during electrical installations
77 OISD RP 148 Inspection safe practices during overhauling electrical equipment
78 OISD RP 149 Design aspects for safety in electrical systems
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDS

• G. Electrical Equipment Facilities

SN STD. NO. STD. NAME
79 OISD GDN 180 Lightning Protection
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDS

• H. Exploration And Production Activities

SN STD. NO. STD. NAME
81 OISD STD 174 Well Control
82 OISD STD 175 Cementing Operations  
83 OISD STD 181 Geophysical Operations
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDS

• H. Exploration And Production Activities

SN STD. NO. STD. NAME
84 OISD GDN 182 Recommended Safe Procedures Guidelines For Workover and Well Stimulation Operations
85 OISD STD 183 Standard on Logging Operations
86 OISD STD 184 Standard On Replacement Of Personal Protective Equipment And Life Saving Appliances
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDS

• H. Exploration And Production Activities

SN STD. NO. STD. NAME
87 OISD STD 186 Combined Operations
88 OISD STD 187 Care And Use Of Wire Rope
89 OISD STD 189 Standard On Fire Fighting Equipment For Drilling Rigs, Work Over Rigs And Production Installations
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDS

• H. Exploration And Production Activities

SN STD. NO. STD. NAME
90 OISD STD 190 Derrick Floor Operations (Onshore Drilling / Workover Rigs)
91 OISD STD 191 Oil Field Explosive Safety
92 OISD GDN 193 Guidelines for Gas Lift Operations and Maintenance
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDS

• H. Exploration And Production Activities

SN STD. NO. STD. NAME
93 OISD GDN 204 Medical Requirements, Emergency Evacuation And Facilities (For Upstream)
94 OISD GDN 185 Wire Line Operations
95 OISD GDN 202 Inspection of Drilling and Workover Rig Mast / Sub-structure
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LIST OF OISD STANDARDS

• H. Exploration And Production Activities

SN STD. NO. STD. NAME
96 OISD GDN 203 Operation, Maintenance Inspection Of Hoisting Equipment
97 OISD RP 205 Crane Operation, Maintenance and Testing (For upstream)
98 OISD GDN 218 Guidelines For Safe Rig- Up And Rig- Down Of Drilling And Work-Over Rigs
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ENVIRONMENT , HEALTH AND SAFETY POLICY

• MISSION
• SAFETY POLICY
• HEALTH POLICY
• ENVIRONMENT POLICY

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SHE MISSION

• TO HAVE SAFE, HEALTHY AND POLLUTION FREE
  ENVIRONMENT IN AND AROUND ALL OUR REFINERIES ,
  PLANTS , FACILITIES AND OTHER PREMISES AT ALL
  TIMES INSTILL AWARENESS IN THESE AREAS
  ,INCLUDING RELEVANT LAWS , IN ALL
  EMPLOYEES , THEIR FAMILIES AND THE COMMUNITIES
  IN WHICH WE CARRY OUT OUR ACTIVITIES .

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SAFETY POLICY

• AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF ITS BUSINESS , OMC
  BELIEVES THAT NO WORK OR SERVICE OR ACTIVITY IS
  SO IMPORTANT OR URGENT THAT SAFETY BE OVERLOOKED
  OR COMPROMISED. SAFETY OF THE EMPLOYEES AND
  PUBLIC , PROTECTION OF THEIR AS WELL AS
  CORPORATIONS ASSETS SHALL BE PARAMOUNT
  .

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SAFETY POLICY

• CORPORATION CONSIDERS THAT SAFETY IS ONE OF THE
  IMPORTANT
• TOOLS TO ENHANCE PRODUCTIVITY AND TO REDUCE
  NATIONAL LOSSES . THE CORPORATION WILL CONSTANTLY
  ENDEAVOUR TO ACHIEVE AND MAINTAIN HIGH STANDARDS
  OF SAFETY IN ITS OPERATIONS.

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ENVIRONMENT POLICY

• THE CORPORATION IS COMMITTED TO CONDUCT ITS
  OPERATION IN SUCH A MANNER AS COMPATIBLE WITH
  ENVIRONMENT AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE
  COMMUNITY . ITS AIM IS TO CREATE AN AWARENESS AND
  RESPECT FOR THE ENVIRONMENT , STRESSING ON EVERY
  EMPLOYEES INVOLVEMENT IN ENVIRONMENTAL
  IMPROVEMENT BY ENSURING HEALTHY OPERATING
  PRACTICES , PHILOSOPHY AND TRAINING .

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HEALTH POLICY

• TO PROVIDE A STRUCTURED PROGRAMME TO LOOK AFTER
  AND PROMOTE THE HEALTH OF VITAL HUMAN RESOURCE
  , ESSENTIAL FOR PRODUCTIVITY AND EFFECTIVENESS
  OF THE CORPORATION.

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FLASH POINT

• Petroleum products are classified on the basis of
  their flash points.
• Flash points is the lowest tempereture at which a
  product would yield, in a standard apparatus,
  sufficient vapour which, when ignited, will give
  a momentary flash but will not sustain a flame.

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CLASSIFICATION OF PETRO. PROD .
CLASS FLASH PT. PRODUCT
Class A (Dangerous Petroleum) lt 230C MS , Naptha Solvent 1425 ,Hexane
Class B (Non dangerous Petroleum) 230C TO 65 0C SKO, HSD, LDO Solvent 2445
Class C (Heavy Petroleum) 650C TO 93 0C FO, LSHS
Class D Excluded Petroleum gt 930C Lubricating Oils Asphalts
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CHARACTERISTICS OF PETRO. PRODUCTS

• A) General Characteristics
• B) Toxic Characteristics
• C) Combustible Characteristics

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General Characteristics

• Petroleum vapours are
• colourless
• Petroleum vapours have
• characteristic odour.
• Petroleum vapours are heavier
• than air
• Liquid petroleum products are
• lighter than water.

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TOXIC CHARACTERISTICS

• Petroleum vapours are normally nontoxic.
  However, petrol is toxic due to its lead content.
• - Excessive vapours can make the atmosphere
  leaner in oxygen content causing asphyxiation

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COMBUSTIBLE CHARACTERISTICS

• Petroleum vapours in right mixture with air will
  ignite in presence of heat or source of ignition.
• A combustible mixture of petroleum vapour and air
  in an enclosed space can cause explosion when
  ignited.

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG

• LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG)
• It is a mixture of commercial butane and
  commercial propane having both saturated and
  unsaturated hydrocarbons.
• governed by IS-4576
• LPG is inherently dangerous on account of fire,
  explosion and other hazards. This calls for
  special attention on the manner in which it is
  bottled, transported or used.

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG

• DENSITY
• 1.5 to 2.0 times heavier than air.
• It is readily liquefied under moderate pressures.
• The density of the liquid is approximately half
  that of water and ranges from 0.525 to 0.580 _at_ 15
  deg. C.
•   Since LPG vapour is heavier than air, it would
  normally settle down at ground level/ low lying
  places, and accumulate in depressions.

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG

• This accumulation of LPG vapour gives rise
  to potential fire and explosion hazard.  
• (a) Terrain and natural drainage must slope away
  from process units, buildings or other plant
  facilities, storage vessels, property lines  
• (b) There shall be no low spots under or near
  the base of the container where spillage could
  accumulate and the container can get engulfed in
  a fire pot. For the same reasons it is advisable
  to compact/ concrete beneath the storage vessels
  with a slope

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG

• to avoid wetting of soil , to eliminate
  vegetation ,to facilitate evacuation/
  channelling, and washing out the spillage .
•  
• (c) The LPG pumping facility is neither to be
  provided below ground level nor beneath the
  storage vessel in order to avoid the accumulation
  of LPG.
•  

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG

• VAPOUR PRESSURE
• The pressure inside a LPG storage vessel/
  cylinder will be equal to the vapour pressure
  corresponding to the temperature of LPG in the
  storage vessel. The restriction on vapour
  pressure is stipulated by IS-4576 which in turn
  regulates the lighter ends of hydrocarbons and
  this governs the design parameters for storage
  vessels.
•  

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG

• VAPOUR PRESSURE
• The vapour pressure is dependent on temperature
  as well as on the ratio of mixture of
  hydrocarbons.
• At liquid full condition any further expansion of
  the liquid, the cylinder pressure will rise by
  approx. 14 to 15 kg./sq.cm. for each degree
  centigrade.
•  

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG

• FLAMMABILITY
•  
• LPG has an explosive range of 1.8 to 9.5 volume
  of gas in air.
• The auto-ignition temperature of LPG is around
  410-580 deg. C and hence it will not ignite on
  its own at normal temperature.
•  

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG

• Entrapped air in the vapour is hazardous in an
  unpurged vessel/ cylinder during pumping/
  filling-in operation. In view of this it is not
  advisable to use air pressure to unload LPG
  cargoes or tankers.
•  

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG

• COMBUSTION
• The combustion reaction of LPG increases the
  volume of products in addition to the generation
  of heat.
• LPG requires upto 50 times its own volume of air
  for complete combustion and at the same time
  yields 3 or 4 times its own volume of
  carbon-dioxide yielding approx. 10,900 kcal heat
  per kg.
•  Thus it is essential that adequate ventilation
  is provided when LPG is burnt in enclosed spaces
  .
•  

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG

• VOLATILITY
•   The restriction on the evaporation temperature
  to 2 degree C for 95 by volume at 760 mm Hg
  pressure imposes regulation on the quantity of
  hydrocarbons heavier than butane. This ensures
  that when the container is nearly empty, the
  liquid does not have an unacceptably low vapour
  pressure to let in air and to form an explosive
  mixture.
•  

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG

• VOLATILITY
• When pressure is released, LPG vapourizes
  rapidly lowering the surrounding temperature.
  This may lead to frost burns by contact of LPG
  with the skin. Protective clothing such as
  gloves and goggles shall therefore be worn when
  there is any possibility of contact with LPG
•  

72
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG

• VOLATILITY
• Auto refrigeration effect of the vapourisation
  of LPG freezes the water vapour in the
  atmosphere, which makes the escaping LPG vapour
  visible as a whitish cloud. Even if this cloud
  disappears, it is not a sign that the inflammable
  gas/ air mixture has been dispersed.
•  

73
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG

• VOLATILITY
• Leaking liquid phase LPG will rapidly expand
  around 250 times its own volume thereby creating
  a greater risk than would occur with a similar
  sized vapour leakage. Sufficient ullage space
  for the expansion of liquid when the temperature
  rises must therefore be left in all storage/
  transport containers.
•  

74
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG

• EFFECT OF WATER IN LPG
• Because of a very low solubility of LPG in water
  the identification of minor leakage in water
  easier.
• Water present in LPG may cause rust and corrosion
  and freeze-up of valves, drain valves,
  excess-flow check valves, cylinder valves and
  regulators. Ice-formation may prevent the
  closure of drain valves,

75
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG

• EFFECT OF WATER IN LPG
• bleeders in LPG vessels and lines, self closing
  valves, etc. and result in leakage of LPG. Ice
  crystals formed at the regulator orifice may lead
  to plugging of the orifice and thus stopping the
  flow of gas. Ice crystals may also make the
  linkages in a regulator inoperable.
•  

76
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG

• FLAME PROPATION
•  
• LPG liquid released will form a vapour which
  will travel long distance. The vapours of LPG can
  give violent concussion in explosion than in case
  of hydrogen, due to faster flame propagation.
•  

77
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG

• CUBICAL EXPANSION
• Liquid phase LPG expands considerably when its
  temperature increases exceeding most of the
  petroleum products.
• The coefficient of expansion is around 0.00237
  per deg. C.
• The high rate of expansion has to be taken into
  account when specifying the maximum quantity of
  LPG permitted to be filled into any pressure
  vessel.
•  

78
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG

• CUBICAL EXPANSION
• The maximum permissible liquid volume of any
  container is that quantity which will assure that
  the container will have a minimum vapour space of
  5 for cylinders and bulk containers, when the
  liquid is at the highest anticipated temperature.
  These temperatures have been considered as 55
  deg. C for bulk containers and 65 deg. C for
  cylinders. The safe filling ratio for cylinders/
  storage vessels is as per Gas Cylinders Rules
  and SMPV Rules respectively.
•  

79
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG

• CUBICAL EXPANSION
• Because the filling ratio precautions taken in
  storage system cannot be extended to the
  connected piping network, relief valves are
  provided in all areas where LPG can be trapped
  between closed valves in order to protect these
  parts of the system.
•  

80
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG

• ODOUR
• LPG has only a very faint smell,
• it is necessary to add some odourant, so that
  any escaping gas can easily be detected.
• Ethyl Mercaptan is normally used as stenching
  agent for this purpose. The amount to be added
  should be sufficient to allow detection in
  atmosphere 1/5 of lower limit of flammability
•  

81
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG

• COLOUR
•  
• LPG is colourless both in liquid and vapour
  phase. During leakage the vapourisation of liquid
  cools the atmosphere and condenses the water
  vapour contained in them to form a whitish fog
  which may make it possible to see an escape of
  LPG.
•  

82
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG

• VISCOSITY
• LPG liquid has low viscosity of around 0.3 CS _at_
  45 deg. C
• can leak when other petroleum products normally
  cannot, thus demanding a very high integrity in
  the pressurised system to avoid leakage. It is
  also a poor lubricant and leaks are therefore
  likely to occur at pump seals and glands.
•  

83
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG

• PYROFORIC IRON
• Pyrophoric Iron sulphide is a highly inflammable
  compound formed due to the reaction of sulphur
  and its compounds with the loose iron/ iron oxide
  on a ferrous surface.
• can be controlled by totally eliminating highly
  corrosive hydrogen sulphide, limiting the total
  volatile sulphur to 0.02 by mass
• reducing the loose iron oxide by thoroughly
  cleaning the storage vessels internally .
•  
• Pyrophoric Iron Sulphide will not ignite
  spontaneously in a sphere/ cylinder containing a
  concentration of vapour of gas as long as the
  concentration is above the upper flammable range
  limit. When these vessels are aired to (during
  opening to atmosphere or air entrapped condition)
  within or below the range, it will ignite
  spontaneously, unless water or steam is used to
  cut the sulphur iron reaction. The most
  effective extinguishing agent is water spray of
  fog. Similar type of precaution is warranted
  while opening of LPG pump strainers and any
  location where loose iron oxide is expected.
•  
• 1.2.13 TOXICITY
•  
• LPG even though slightly toxic, is not poisonous
  in vapour phase, but can, however, suffocate when
  in large concentrations due to the fact that it
  displaces oxygen. In view of this the vapour
  posses mild anaesthetic properties.
•  
• 1.2.14 CAUSTIC RESIDUE
•  
• Caustic soda treatment employed for the removal
  of hydrogen sulphide could leave traces of
  caustic in LPG. This may lead to corrosion on the
  storage vessel and other LPG handling equipment
  with predominant effect on aluminium alloys.
  Hence stipulating absence of caustic is essential
  in addition to IS-4576 specification.
•  
• 1.2.15 PUVCE AND BLEVE'S PHENOMENA
•  
• The hazards associated with the release to
  atmosphere of a boiling flammable liquid show
  themselves disproportionately where large
  quantities are involved - they can give rise to
  two phenomena which are highly hazardous (a)
  Unconfined Vapour Cloud Explosion (UVCE) and (b)
  Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion
  (BLEVE).
•  

84
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG

• PYROFORIC IRON
• Pyrophoric Iron Sulphide will not ignite
  spontaneously in a sphere/ cylinder containing a
  concentration of vapour of gas as long as the
  concentration is above the upper flammable range
  limit.
• When these vessels are aired to (during opening
  to atmosphere or air entrapped condition) within
  or below the range, it will ignite spontaneously,
  unless water or steam is used to cut the sulphur

85
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG

• PYROFORIC IRON
• iron reaction. The most effective extinguishing
  agent is water spray of fog. Similar type of
  precaution is warranted while opening of LPG pump
  strainers and any location where loose iron oxide
  is expected.
•  

86
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG

• TOXICITY
•  
• LPG even though slightly toxic, is not poisonous
  in vapour phase, but can, however, suffocate when
  in large concentrations due to the fact that it
  displaces oxygen. In view of this the vapour
  posses mild anaesthetic properties.
•  

87
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG

• CAUSTIC RESIDUE
•  
• Caustic soda treatment employed for the removal
  of hydrogen sulphide could leave traces of
  caustic in LPG. This may lead to corrosion on the
  storage vessel and other LPG handling equipment
  with predominant effect on aluminium alloys.
  Hence stipulating absence of caustic is essential
  in addition to IS-4576 specification.
•  

88
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG

• PUVCE AND BLEVE'S PHENOMENA
•  
• The release to atmosphere of a boiling flammable
  liquid can give rise to two phenomena which are
  highly hazardous (a) Unconfined Vapour Cloud
  Explosion (UVCE) and (b) Boiling Liquid Expanding
  Vapour Explosion (BLEVE).
•  

89
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG

• PUVCE AND BLEVE'S PHENOMENA
• Vapour cloud can ignite and burn as deflagrations
  or fire balls causing lot of damage by radiation
  starting secondary fires at some distance.
• Vapour cloud ignites and explodes causing high
  over pressures and very heavy damage.
• The later is termed as percussive unconfined
  vapour cloud explosion' i.e. PUVCE in short.

90
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG

• PUVCE AND BLEVE'S PHENOMENA
• Even though large quantities of LPG emission is
  necessary, only a fraction of this contributes to
  the percussive effect ( more reactive molecules
  such as ethylene in much smaller quantities).
• Rare though PUVCE may be, their damage is large
  and sometimes enormous.
•  

91
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG

• PUVCE AND BLEVE'S PHENOMENA
• The boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion
  (BLEVE) is due to holding a pressurised flammable
  liquid above its boiling point.
• This may result from inadequate vapour space for
  temperature expansion of the contents or high
  temperature due to radiation heat from the
  adjacent vessel fires or due to any mechanical
  damage.

92
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG

• PUVCE AND BLEVE'S PHENOMENA
• BLEVE even though not as serious as PUVCE, its
  potential for spreading fire over a wide area
  makes them significant in terms of both life and
  property damage.
• Ejection of boiling liquid produces reaction
  rupturing the vessel causing the rocket
  projectioning of dish ends.
•  

93
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG

• PUVCE AND BLEVE'S PHENOMENA
• The released liquid flashes and atomizes
  immediately, often resulting in a large fire ball
• Although the fire ball lasts only a few seconds,
  its effect can be devastating due to flame
  contact and thermal radiation.
•  

94
The Fire Triangle
SMOTHERING
COOLING

• Fire Safety, at its most basic, is based upon the
  principle of keeping fuel sources and ignition
  sources separate.

STARVATION
95
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96
Fire Classifications

• Class A Wood, paper, cloth, trash,
  plasticssolids that are not metals.
• Class B Flammable liquidsgasoline, oil, grease,
  acetone.
• Class C Flammable gases.
• Class D Metalspotassium, sodium, aluminum,
  magnesium. Requires Metal-X, foam, and other
  special extinguishing agents.
• Class E Electricalenergized electrical
  equipment. As long as its plugged in.

97
Types of Fire Extinguishers

• Water (APW)
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
• Dry Chemical Powder
• Halon
• Foam

98
Water (APW) Fire Extinguishers
99
Water (APW) Fire Extinguishers

APWs extinguish fire by taking away the heat
element of the Fire Triangle. APWs are designed
for Class A fires only Wood, paper,
cloth. Using water on a flammable liquid fire
could cause the fire to spread.
100
Water (APW) Fire Extinguishers

Using water on an electrical fire increases the
risk of electrocution. If you have no choice but
to use an APW on an electrical fire, make sure
the electrical equipment is un-plugged or
de-energized.
101
Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishers

• .

CO2 cylinders are red. They range in size from 5
lbs to 100 lbs or larger. On larger sizes, the
horn will be at the end of a long, flexible hose.
102
Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishers

• .

The pressure in a CO2 extinguisher is so great,
bits of dry ice may shoot out of the horn! CO2s
are designed for Class E (Electrical Sources
fires only ) CO2s will frequently be found in
laboratories, mechanical rooms, kitchens .
103
Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishers

• .

Carbon dioxide is a non-flammable gas that takes
away the oxygen element of the fire triangle.
Without oxygen, there is no fire CO2 is very
cold as it comes out of the extinguisher, so it
cools the fuel as well. A CO2 may be ineffective
in extinguishing a Class A fire because it may
not be able to displace enough oxygen to
successfully put the fire out. Class A materials
may also smolder and re-ignite.
104
Dry Chemical Powder Fire Extinguishers
105
Dry Chemical Powder Fire Extinguishers

• DCP fire extinguishers are filled with a fine
  powder. The greatest portion of this powder is
  composed of sodium or pottasium bicarbonate or
  monoammonium phosphate . The extinguishers are
  pressurized with CO2 cartridge
• The powder also works to interrupt the chemical
  reaction of fire. These extinguishers are very
  effective at putting out fire.

.
106
HALON FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

• HALON IS A CONTRACTION OF HALOGENATED
  HYDROCARBONS.
• BROMO-TRIFLUORO-METHANE (HALON 1301, CBRF3 ) AND
  BROMO-CHLORO-DIFLUORO- METHANE (HALON 1211,
  CBRCLF2 ).
• INTER-RUPT CHAIN REACTIONS
• HALON 1301 IS CONSIDERED 3 TO 10 MORE EFFECTIVE
  THAN CO2

107
HALON FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

• NONCONDUCTORS OF ELECTRICITY
• USED IN ELECTRICAL / ELECTRONICS EQUIPMENT FIRES
  BECAUSE IT LEAVES NO RESIDUE AND DOES NOT CAUSE
  ELECTRICAL SHORT CIRCUITS OR DAMAGING CORROSION
  OF THE EQUIPMENT.
• IT IS DESTRUCTIVE TO THE EARTHS OZONE SHIELD,
  AND HAS BEEN ELIMINATED PHASED OUT .

108
HALON SUBSTITUTE

• FM-200
• A FIRE SUPPRESSION GAS DEVELOPED TO REPLACE
  HALON, TECHNICALLY KNOWN AS HFC-227. ITS CHEMICAL
  NAME IS HEPTAFLUOROPROPANE, CF3 CHFCF3 . IT HAS A
  ZERO OZONE DEPLETION POTENTIAL (ODP) RATING AND
  IS RATED WITH A LOW GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL

109
FOAM

• IT IS MADE UP OF THREE INGREDIENTS WATER, FOAM
  CONCENTRATE, AND AIR.
• CHARACTERISTICSFLOW FREELY, SLOW DRAINAGE TIMES
  , CAPABLE OF HOLDING WATER, PRODUCE A STABLE
  BLANKET, RESIST LIQUID EXPOSURE, AND RESIST HEAT
  .

110
FOAM

• THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF FOAM CONCENTRATES -
• LOW EXPANSION (16 TO 110) AND IS USED IN
  HYDROCARBON OIL FIRE .
• HIGH EXPANSION (1200 TO 11000) , USED FOR WARE
  HOUSE PROTECTION .
• USED IN 3 TO 6 CONCENTRATE WITH WATER.

111
FOAM

• PROTEIN FOAM
• FLUOROPROTEIN (FP) FOAM
• FILM FORMING FLUORO PROTEIN (FFFP)
• AQUEOUS FILM FORMING FOAM (AFFF)
• ALCOHOL RESISTANT / AQUEOUS FILM FORMING FOAM
  (AR-AFFF)

112
How to Use a Fire Extinguisher

• Its easy to remember how to use a fire
  extinguisher if you remember the acronym PASS

• Pull or puncture
• Aim
• Squeeze
• Sweep

113
How to Use a Fire Extinguisher

• Pull the pin

This will allow you to discharge the extinguisher
114
How to Use a Fire Extinguisher

• Aim at the base of the fire

Hit the fuel. If you aim at the flames...
the extinguishing agent will fly right through
and do no good.
115
How to Use a Fire Extinguisher

• Squeeze the top handle

This depresses a button that releases the
pressurized extinguishing agent.
116
How to Use a Fire Extinguisher

• Sweep from side to side

.. until the fire is completely out.
Start using the extinguisher from a safe distance
away, then slowly move forward.
Once the fire is out, keep an eye on the area in
case it re-ignites.