Electrical Safety

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Focus Four Hazard Training For Masonry
Construction Module 3 Fall Protection Susan
Harwood Grant Training Program
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Disclaimer/Usage Notes
This material was produced under grant number
SH-17793-SH8 from the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor.
It does not necessarily reflect the views or
policies of the U.S. Department of Labor, nor
does mention of trade names, commercial products,
or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S.
Government.    Images shown may depict situations
that are not in compliance with applicable OSHA
requirements. These photos are clearly marked as
non-compliant.   It is not the intent of RMMI to
provide compliance-based training in this
presentation, the intent is more to address Focus
Four hazard awareness in the masonry construction
industry, and to recognize overlapping hazards
present in many construction workplaces.   It is
the responsibility of the employer, its
subcontractors, and its employees to comply with
all pertinent rules and regulations in
the jurisdiction in which they work. Copies of
all OSHA regulations are available from
www.osha.gov. This presentation is intended to
discuss Federal regulations only. If this
training is held in a state that is operating
under an OSHA-approved State Plan, State OSHA
requirements for that state must be included in
the training. It is assumed that individuals
using this presentation or content to augment
their training programs will be "qualified" to do
so.
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Training Objectives
Masonry Fall Protection
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• After completing this unit, you will
• -Be aware of the requirement for fall protection
  for masonry work.
• -Be able to recognize fall hazards associated
  with masonry work.
• -Be familiar with fall protection devices.
• -Be knowledgeable of safe work practices.

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References
Masonry Fall Protection
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• 29 CFR 1926 Subparts L M

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Scaffold Erection
Masonry Fall Protection
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• The employer shall have a competent person
  determine the feasibility and safety of providing
  fall protection for employees erecting or
  dismantling supported scaffolds. A Competent
  Person is "one who is capable of identifying
  existing and predictable hazards in the
  surroundings or working conditions which are
  unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees,
  and who has authorization to take prompt
  corrective measures to eliminate them."

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Scaffold Erection
Masonry Fall Protection
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• The employer shall have each employee who is
  involved in erecting, disassembling, moving,
  operating, repairing or maintaining a scaffold
  trained by a competent person to recognize any
  hazards associated with the work in question.

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Scaffold Erection
Masonry Fall Protection
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• Inspect all scaffold components prior to erecting
  scaffold. Look for bend frames and cross braces,
  broken pins, damaged planks, etc.

Photos depict hazardous condition
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Scaffold Erection
Masonry Fall Protection
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• Supported scaffold poles, legs, posts, frames,
  and uprights shall bear on base plates AND mud
  sills or other adequate foundations.

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Scaffold Erection
Masonry Fall Protection
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Photos depict hazardous condition
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Scaffold Erection
Masonry Fall Protection
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Photos depict hazardous condition
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Scaffold Erection
Masonry Fall Protection
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• Ladders shall be installed as soon as scaffold
  erection has progressed to a point that permits
  safe installation and use.

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Scaffold Erection
Masonry Fall Protection
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• Guardrail systems shall be installed before the
  scaffold is released for use by employees other
  than the erection crew.

Photo depicts hazardous condition
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Scaffold Erection
Masonry Fall Protection
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• The employer shall have a competent person
  determine the feasibility and safety of providing
  fall protection for employees erecting or
  dismantling supported scaffolds. Employers are
  required to provide fall protection for employees
  erecting or dismantling supported scaffolds where
  the installation and use of such protection is
  feasible and does not create a greater hazard.
  The employer must be able to explain and support
  a decision that it creates a greater hazard.
  Even if the competent person determines that
  being tied off during erection is not feasible, a
  harness/lanyard must still be worn by the workers.

Photo depicts hazardous condition
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Scaffold Erection
Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Erection
Masonry Fall Protection
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Where uplift can occur, scaffold frames shall be
pinned together.
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Erection
No paint on wood platforms Use scaffold grade
wood Component pieces used must match and be of
the same type Erect on stable and level
ground Lock wheels and braces before using
mobile scaffold
Photo depicts hazardous condition
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Erection
Each platform on all working levels of scaffolds
shall be fully planked or decked between the
front uprights and the guardrail supports.
Photo depicts hazardous condition
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Erection
Photos depict hazardous condition
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Erection
Platforms shall be installed so that the space
between adjacent units and the space between the
platform and the uprights is no more than 1 inch
wide, except where the employer can demonstrate
that a wider space is necessary.
Photo depicts hazardous condition
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Erection
Each end of a planked deck, unless cleated or
otherwise secured by hooks or equivalent means,
shall extend over the centerline of its support
at least 6 inches but not more than 12 inches.
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Erection
Photos depict hazardous condition
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Erection

• Plank overlapping will only occur over supports.
  The overlap will not be less than 12 inches
  unless the platforms are nailed/screwed together
  or otherwise restrained to prevent movement.

Photo depicts hazardous condition
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Erection

• The height of the scaffold should not be more
  than four times its minimum base dimension unless
  guys, ties, or braces are used.

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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Erection
Photo depicts hazardous condition
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Access

• When scaffold platforms are more than 2 feet
  above or below a point of access, portable
  ladders, hook-on ladders, attachable ladders,
  stair towers, ramps, walkways, integral
  prefabricated scaffold access, or direct access
  from another scaffold, structure, personnel
  hoist, or similar surface shall be used.

Photo depicts hazardous condition
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Access
Hook-on and attachable ladders shall have a
minimum rung length of 11 1/2 inches and have
uniformly spaced rungs with a maximum spacing
between rungs of 16 3/4 inches.
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Access

• Choose the correct type of portable ladder
• Type IAA Special Duty can handle up to 375 lbs.
• Type IA Heavy Duty can handle up to 300 lbs.
• Type I ladders are rated up to 250 lbs.
• Type II ladders are rated up to 225lbs.
• Type III ladders(light duty) up to 200lbs

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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Access

• Rungs must be intact and free from grease or oil
• Make sure there are no visible defects on the
  ladder (missing, cracked or loose rungs, missing
  safety feet, or signs of rot)
• Metal ladders should not be dented or bent
• All braces are secure

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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Access
Photos depict hazardous condition
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Access

• Use the 4 to 1 rule Set the ladder 1 foot out
  for every 4 feet up to the point of support.
  (Rungs are normally 1 ft apart, so its easy to
  figure the angle).

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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Access

• All ladders must extended 36 inches above the
  landing
• Make sure the base of the ladder is tied or held
  and the top is anchored

Photo depicts hazardous condition
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Access
Photos depict hazardous condition
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Access
If used, stair towers must have
stairrails/handrails as well as guardrails on the
open sides of all landings.
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Access

• Integral prefabricated scaffold access frames
  shall
• Be specifically designed and constructed for use
  as ladder rungs and have a rung length of at
  least 8 inches.

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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Access
These rungs are at least 11 ½ inches wide and no
more than 16 ¾ apart and can be used as a work
platform for scaffold erection and for scaffold
access by users.
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Access
These rungs are not at least 11 ½ inches wide so
they CANNOT be used for access by scaffold users.
They can be used for access during scaffold
erection/dismantling as long as they are not more
than 22 inches apart vertically.
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Access
Direct access to or from another surface shall be
used only when the scaffold is not more than 14
inches horizontally and not more than 24 inches
vertically from the other surface.
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Access
Cross braces on tubular welded frame scaffolds
shall not be used as a means of access or egress,
even by erectors building or dismantling the
scaffold.
Photo depicts hazardous condition
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Access
Photos depict hazardous condition
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Use
The front edge of all platforms shall not be more
than 14 inches from the face of the work, unless
guard-rail systems are erected along the front
edge and/or personal fall arrest systems are used.
Photo depicts hazardous condition
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Use
Each scaffold walkway shall be at least 18 inches
wide.
Photo depicts hazardous condition
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Use
The top rail shall be installed between 38 45
inches above the deck shall be provided on the
open sides and ends of each working level when it
is 10 feet or more above a lower surface.
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Use
Each top rail shall be capable of withstanding,
without failure, a force applied in any downward
or horizontal direction at any point along its
top edge of at least 200 pounds.
Photo depicts hazardous condition
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Use
Mid rails, screens, etc. of a guardrail system
shall be installed midway between the top rail
and the deck and be capable of withstanding,
without failure, at least 150 pounds.
Photo depicts hazardous condition
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Use
Photos depict hazardous condition
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Use
Guardrails shall also be surfaced to prevent
injury to an employee from punctures or
lacerations, and to prevent snagging of clothing.
Photo depicts hazardous condition
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Use
Photo depicts hazardous condition
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Use
Cross bracing is acceptable in place of a midrail
when the crossing point of the two braces is
between 20 and 30 inches above the work platform
. . .
Photo depicts hazardous condition
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Use
. . . or as a top rail when the crossing point of
the two braces is between 38 and 48 inches above
the work platform.
Photo depicts hazardous condition
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Use
Fall protection must also be provided at the
exposed ends of the walk planks as well as
openings in front of the workers.
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Use
Photos depict hazardous condition
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Use
Makeshift devices, such as, but not limited to,
boxes, barrels and ladders, shall not be used on
top of scaffold platforms to increase the working
level height of employees.
Photos depict hazardous condition
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Use
Employees shall be prohibited from working on
scaffolds with snow, ice, or other slippery
material except as necessary for removal of such
materials. Do not work on scaffolds during storms
or high winds.
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Use
Mason was working on the third level of a tubular
welded frame scaffold which was covered with ice
and snow. The scaffold was not fully decked,
there was no guardrail and no access ladder. The
worker slipped and fell head first 20 feet to the
pavement below.
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Scaffold Use
The use of shore, lean-to or makeshift scaffolds
is prohibited.
Photos depict hazardous condition
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Forklifts/Aerial Lifts

• Using a forklift as an aerial lift can only be
  done when the following requirements are met
• The forklift manufacturer approves the use of
  their equipment for such purposes
• An engineered/approved platform meeting the OSHA
  requirements for fall protection is used

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Masonry Fall Protection
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Forklifts/Aerial Lifts
Photos courtesy of Lifting Technologies
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Forklifts/Aerial Lifts
The following requirements must be met as
well 1. The work platform must be equipped with
standard guardrails and must be firmly secured to
the lifting carriage or forks. 2. The hydraulic
system must be designed such that the lift
mechanism will not drop faster than 135 feet per
minute in the event of a failure in any part of
the system. 3. The operator must be in the
driving seat while workers are on the platform.
4. The operator must be in the driving seat
while raising or lowering the platform. 5. The
area between the personnel on the platform and
the mast must be guarded to prevent contact with
chains or other pinch points.
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Forklifts/Aerial Lifts
Photos depict hazardous condition
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Forklifts/Aerial Lifts
When using extensible and articulating boom
platforms a harness shall be worn and a lanyard
attached to the boom or basket when working from
the lift. Employees shall always stand firmly on
the floor of the basket, and shall not sit or
climb on the edge of the basket or use planks,
ladders, or other devices for a work position.
Photo depicts hazardous condition
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Forklifts/Aerial Lifts
When working in a straight up and down scissors
type lift, a harness/ lanyard is not required.
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Forklifts/Aerial Lifts
Employee was operating an aerial lift, with an
extendable boom rotating work platform. The boom
was fully extended and the machine apparently ran
over some bricks, causing the boom to flex or
spring, throwing the employee from the
basket. The employee fell 37 feet to a concrete
surface.
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Masonry Fall Protection
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General Scaffolding
COMPETENT PERSON Person capable of identifying
and having authority to promptly correct
hazards Determines if its safe to work on a
scaffold during storms or high winds Trains
workers to recognize hazards Selects qualified
workers to conduct work
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Masonry Fall Protection
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General Scaffolding
Competent person inspects scaffolds for visible
defects before each shift and after any
alterations or unusual occurrences. Defective
parts must be immediately repaired or replaced.
Photo depicts hazardous condition
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Masonry Fall Protection
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General Scaffolding
Photos depict hazardous condition
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Masonry Fall Protection
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General Fall Protection
General fall protection is required when working
above 6 feet in construction. When working on a
silo, ensure guardrail chains are closed.
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Masonry Fall Protection
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General Fall Protection
When masonry work must be done on a roof or other
elevated surface, a guardrail system must be
installed or a Personal Fall Arrest system must
be used above 6 feet.
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Masonry Fall Protection
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General Fall Protection
When performing overhand bricklaying work, a
Controlled Access Zone may be used as a method of
fall protection, as long as masons do not reach
more than 10 inches below the platform on which
they are standing or kneeling. "Overhand
bricklaying" is "the process of laying bricks and
masonry units such that the surface of the wall
to be jointed is on the opposite side of the wall
from the mason, requiring the mason to lean over
the wall to complete the work. It includes mason
tending, maintaining supplies of bricks and
mortar and electrical installation incorporated
into the brick wall during the overhand
bricklaying process."
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Masonry Fall Protection
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General Fall Protection
On a construction site, floor holes greater than
2 inches in any dimension must be covered or
guarded. If covered, the cover must be marked as
such and secured.
Photo depicts hazardous condition
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Masonry Fall Protection
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General Fall Protection
There must be a stairway or ladder at points of
access where there is an elevation break of 19
inches or more. At least one point of access
must be kept clear.
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Masonry Fall Protection
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General Fall Protection
Stairways with four or more risers or more than
30 inches high must have a stair rail along each
unprotected side or edge and have at least one
handrail
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Masonry Fall Protection
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General Fall Protection
Photos depict hazardous condition
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Masonry Fall Protection
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General Fall Protection
Only use pan stairs if filled with filler
material at least to the top edge of each pan,
has stair rails/ handrails installed and the
unprotected sides of landings have a standard 42
inch guardrail system.
Landing
Pan
Photo depicts hazardous condition
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Masonry Fall Protection
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General Fall Protection
Stair rails must be able to withstand a force of
200 pounds outward and downward along its entire
length.
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Summary
Remember, falls may occur While climbing on or
off the scaffold Working on unguarded scaffold
platforms When scaffold platforms or planks fail
Photos depict hazardous condition
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Summary
Guardrails Install along open sides ends Front
edge of platforms not more than 14 inches from
the work, unless using guardrails and/or Personal
Fall Arrest System (PFAS) Top rails - 38 to 45
inches tall Midrails halfway between toprail
and platform Toeboards at least 3-1/2 inches high
Photo depicts hazardous condition
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Summary
You must be trained how to properly use a
PFAS PFAS include anchorage, lanyard and body
harness Can use PFAS instead of guardrails on
some scaffolds Use PFAS guardrails on
suspension scaffolds Use PFAS on erectors and
dismantlers unless it creates a greater hazard
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Summary
Use appropriate scaffold construction
methods Proper scaffold access Always have a
competent person for the scaffold
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Summary
Platforms must be fully planked or decked with
no more than 1 inch gaps be able to support its
weight 4 times maximum load be at least 18
inches wide if used as a walkway
Photo depicts hazardous condition
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Summary
No gaps over 14 inches at front edge of
platforms Each abutted end of plank must rest on
a separate support surface Overlap platforms at
least 12 inches over supports, unless restrained
to prevent movement
Photos depict hazardous condition
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Summary
Provide access when scaffold platforms are more
than 2 feet above or below a point of
access Permitted types of access -Ladders,
such as portable, hook-on, attachable, stairway
type, and built-ins -Stair towers -Ramps
and walkways May use building stairs and come
out window
Photo depicts hazardous condition
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Summary
No access by crossbraces When using ladders,
bottom rung no more than 24 inches high Can use
some end frames Can access from another
scaffold, structure or hoist
Photo depicts hazardous condition
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Masonry Fall Protection
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Summary
Train employees on scaffold hazards and
procedures to control the hazards. The training
must include -Nature of electrical, fall, and
falling object hazards -How to deal with
electrical hazards and fall protection
systems -Proper use of the scaffold
-Scaffold load capacities Retrain as necessary
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
Masonry Fall Protection
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• True or False?
• Erectors dismantlers must have additional
  training in safe procedures.
• Scaffolds must always have mudsills beneath the
  baseplates.
• Guardrails must be installed before the scaffold
  is used by masons/hoddies.
• Erectors only need to wear a harness if 100
  tie-off is feasible.
• Brickwashers can work with only two planks as a
  work platform.

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REVIEW QUESTIONS
Masonry Fall Protection
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• True or False?
• Planks can be nailed or screwed together if 12
  inches of overlap is not possible.
• Scaffolds only one frame high can be climbed
  without using a ladder.
• Workers above 10 feet can remove the midrail to
  accept a mud tub without using other fall
  protection.
• Workers do not need fall protection on the walk
  planks when laying block.
• Workers can stand on the midrail of a scissors
  lift if they are tied off.

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REVIEW QUESTIONS
Masonry Fall Protection
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• True or False?
• The Competent Person must be a foreman.
• You can climb through a window onto the scaffold
  if you only step up/down 28 inches.
• Floor holes greater than 2 inches wide must be
  covered or guarded.
• Ladders must be tied off at the top only if the
  scaffold is over 20 feet high
• Scaffold training is only required when you are
  first hired by your employer.