Division Deuteromycota

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Division Deuteromycota
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Main characteristics
Somatic structure _at_ Septate mycelium with either
simple or dolipore septum. _at_ Compartments are
usually multinucleate _at_ Clamp connection can be
found in some species. _at_ Cell wall are mainly
chitin. _at_ Spindle pole body Sexual
reproduction Division Deuteromycota apparently
lacks sexual reproduction and they are called
imperfect fungi or fungi imperfecti.
They produce conidiospore as asexual
reproduction and in some species they produce
conidia in complex structure (fruiting body).
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Fungal holomorph
Holomorph Anamorph
Teleomorph (whole fungus) (asexual
form ) (sexual form )
Anamorph Aspergillus Trichophyton Scedosporium Alt
ernaria Cryptococcus Sclerotium
Telomorph Emericella, Eurotium Arthroderma Pseudal
lescheria Lewia Filbasidiella Athelia
Cleistotecial ascomycota Cleistotecial
ascomycota Perithecial ascomycota Loculoascomycete
s Basidiomycota Basidiomycota
???????? ????????????????? ????? genus ???
anamorph ??????????? genus ?? teleomorph
???????????????
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Conidiogenous cells
Conidiogenous cells ??????????????????????????????
???? conidiospores ???? conidiogeneous cells
?????????????????????????????????? somatic cell
????? conidiogenous cell
??????????????????????? conidiophore ???
conidiogenous cells ???????????????????
??????????????????????? (simple or branch
conidiogenous cell)
Penicillium sp. branched conidiophore supporting
groups of conidiogenous cells
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Conidium ontogeny
Blastic conidiogenesis conidium
??????????????????????? (elongates and swells)
??? conidiogeneous cell ?????????????????????
??? conidial cell ???? septum ??? blastic
conidium development ????????????? 6 ???
??????????????????? conidium Thallic
conidiogenesis conidium ?????????????????
conidiogeneous cell ???? septum
??????????????? conidial cell ????
conidium ?????????????????????????? ??? thallic
conidium development 2 ??? ???????????????????
conidium
Blastic conidiogenesis
Thallic conidiogenesis
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Conidium ontogeny
1. Blastic-acropetal conidiogenesis
??????????????? conidiospore ???? conidium
??????????????????????????????? conidium
??????????
Gonatobotryum sp.
Botrytis sp.
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Conidium ontogeny
2. Blasto-phialidic conidiogenesis
??????????????? conidiospore ???? conidium
?????????????????????????????? conidiogenous
cells ??????????? phialides conidium
??????????????????? conidium ?????????????????????
?????? conidia ??? ???????????????????
????????????????? ??????????????????????????
? basipetal succession ????????????????????
?????????? phialids ????????????
???????????????????? ?????????????????????????????
Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium,
Stachybotrys ??? Chalara
Blasto-phialidic development
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Conidium ontogeny
3. Blastic-retrogressive conidiogenesis
??????????????? conidiospore ????????
??????????? comidium ??????????????
conidiogenous cell ???? conidiogenous hypha
????????????????????????????? ????? septum
???? ?????????????????? ???????????
conidium ??????? ??????? ????????????????????
???????????????????? conidiospore
????????? conidiophore ???????????????????
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Conidium ontogeny
4. Blastic-sympodial conidiogenesis
??????????????? conidiospore ???? ??????????
conidium ?????????????? ?????????????
conidiophore ?? ??????????? conidium
??????? ??? ?????????????????????????
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Conidium ontogeny
5. Blastic-annellidic conidiogenesis
??????????????? conidiospore ??????????
?????????????? conidium ??????????????????????
(ring-like scar) ????? conidiophore
????????????????????? annellation ???
conidiogenous cell ???????? n conidiospores
???? n annular scars
Annellophora sp.
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Conidium ontogeny
6. Basauxin conidiogenesis ???????????????
conidiospore ???? conidium
?????????????????????????? conidiophore
???????????? mother cell ??? conidium
????????? (intercalary growth)
??????????????????????? ??????????????????
conidial chain
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Conidium ontogeny
7. Thallic-arthric conidiogenesis
??????????????? conidiospore ???????????
??????????????????? ???????????? septum
???????????????? (fragmentation)
????????????????? septum conidiospores
???????????????????????????? ?????? ????????
arthrospores
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Conidium ontogeny
8. Thallic-solitary conidiogenesis
??????????????? conidiospore ?????????????? ????
conidiogenous cell ???? septum ??????? conidial
cell ???????????????????? ??????
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Conidium ontogeny
??????????????? conidiogenesis ?????????? 12
??? ?????? ????????? ?
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Conidiomata
Conidiomata are the specialized structures that
produced conidiospore. There are 4 types of
conidiomata. 1. Synnemata 2. Sporodochia 3.
Pycnidia 4. Acervuli
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Synnemata
Synnemata ???? conidiomata ?????????????????????
??? conidiophore ????????????????????????
conidiospore ?????????????????????????? ??????????
????? synnemata
Isaria japonica
Gangliostilbe sp.
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Sporodochia
Sporodochia ???? conidiomata ?????????????????????
??????????????? (cushion- shaped) ??????
conidiophores ??????????????????? ????????????
stroma conidiophores ??? sporodochia
?????????????????????? synnemata
Volutellaciliata
Epicoccum sp.
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Pycnidia
Pycnidia ???? conidiomata ????????????????????????
flask ??????????? ?????? conidiophores
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Acervuli
Acervuli ???? conidiomata ???????????????
???????????????? stroma conidi- ophore
???????????????? stromatic hyphae
????????????????? acervuli ??? ?????????????
subepidermis ?????? ????????????????????????????
?????? ???????? ???????? acervuli
???????????????????? sporodochium
???????????? ??? acervuli ????????????
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Type of conidiospore
Amerosporae conidium ???????????????
????????????(spherical) ?? (ovoid) ???? ?????
(elongated ???? cylendrical) Didymosporae
conidium ?????????? ???????????????????? (ovoid
to oblong) Phragmosporae conidium ???????????
??????????????????????????????? ???????
??????????????????? Dictyosporae conidium
??????????? ???????????????????????????????
???????????????? ???????????????????? (ovoid to
oblong) Scolecosporae conidium
?????????????????????????????????
???????????????? septum ???????????????? Helicospo
rae conidium ????????????????????? Staurosporae
conidium ??????????????? ?????????????????
??????? septum ????????????????
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Type of conidiospore
Phragmospore
Dictyospore
didymospore
Amerospore
Helicospore
Scilecospore
Staurospore
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Non-sexual variation Heterokaryosis
Heterokaryosis ?????????????????? 1.
???????????????????? (mutation) 2.
???????????????????????????????? strain ??? 3.
?????????????????? heterokaryotic
spore Heterokaryosis break down
?????????????????? 1. ??????????????? nuclear
genotype ?????????????????????????????????????????
? ????????????????????? 2. ???????????????
uninucleate spore
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Non-sexual variation Heterokaryosis
Heterokaryons ???? haploid ????????????????????
sector ??? colony ????????????? ????????????????
?? ???? nuclear population ??????????
????????????????? phenotype marker ???? ?????
colony, ???????????????????????? antibiotics,
??????????? ???????? ???? ????????? conidia
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Non-sexual variation Parasexuality
Parasexual cycle ????????????????? genetic
recombination ???????? mitotic crossing over
?????????????????????????? 3 ??????????? ??? 1.
Diploidization ????????????? haploid nucleus
??? nucleus ??????????? ????????? diploid
nucleus ????????????????????????????????????????
??? ??????????????????????????????????
?????????????? nuclear population 2. Mitotic
crossing over ???????????????? diploid
nucleus ??????????? ??????? mitotic
nuclear division ??????????????????????? nucleus
??? ??? ????????????? mitotic crossing over
??????? 3. Haploidization ????????????? diploid
nucleus ?????????? haploid nucleus
??????????????????????? aneuploid ?????????????
nucleus ????? chromosome number ???? 2n1
??????????? diploid ???? ??????? 2n-1
???????????? haploid
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Non-sexual variation Parasexuality
Heterokaryosis
Diploid monokaryon
Haploid monokaryon
Diploidization
Diploid
Haploid recombinant homokaryon
Mitotic crossing over
Haploidization
Aneuploid
Mitotoc error
Recombinant chromosomes
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Classification
The Saccardo System ??????????????????????????
Deuteromycota ?????????????????? (morphology)
???????????? (pigmentation) ??? conidiospore ???
conidiophore ??? fruiting body ?????????
????????????? Saccardo ??????????? Deuteromycota
?????? O. Sphaeropsidales ?????
conidia ?? pycnidia O. Melanconiales
????? conidia ?? acervuli O.
Moniliales ????? conidia ???????????????
F. Tuberculariaceae conidiophore
????????????????? sporodochia
F. Stilbaceae conidiophore ??????????
synnemata F. Moniliaceae
conidiophore ???????????? ??? conidia ???????
F. Dematiaceae conidiophore
???????????? ??? conidia ???????? O.
Mycelial sterilia ????????????? conidia
?????????????????????? sclerotia
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Importance of Deuteromycota
????????? ????????????? ?? ????
???? ???
?? Aspergillus fumigatus (lung
infection) Metarhizium anisopliae Beauveria
brassiana Paecilomyces spp. Arthrobotrys
oligospora Verticillium spp. Fusarium
spp. Colletotrichum spp. Sclerotium spp.
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Importance of Deuteromycota
????????? Antibiotics Penicillin
Cepharosporin Griseofulvin Alternaric
acid Indutrial products Cheese Soy bean
fermentation Acid fermentation
?? Penicillium notatum Cepharospora
acremonium Penicillium griseofulvum Alternaria
tenuis Penicillium spp. Aspergillus
spp. Penicillium spp. Aspergillus niger
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Aspergillus
?? conidiophre ??????? ????????? ?????????????
???????? vesicle ?????????????????? phialids
??????????? ?????? vesicle phialids
?? ??????????? conidiogenous cells ?????
conidiospores ???????????? ??????
???????????????????????
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Penicillium
?? conidiophore ???????????????
?????????????????????????? conidiogenous cells
??????????? phialids ????????????? ????????????
conidiospores ??????????????????
???????????????????????
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Oidium
???? parasite ?????? ????????????? powdery
mildew ???????????? teleomorph ??? Erysiphae
?????????????????? host ?? conidiophore
?????????????? ??????? ????????????
conidiospores ?????????????????? ???????
?????????????
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Geotrichum
Geotrichum ????????????? ???????? conidiophore
?????????? conidiospores ???? arthrospore
???????????????????????????? conidiospores
??????????????? ???????????????????
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Verticillium
?? conidiophore ??????????????? ???????
conidiogenous cell ???? phialid
?????????????????? conidiophore ????????????
conidiospore ??????????????? ????????? ???????
?????????????
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Metarhizium
?? conidiophore ??????????????? ??????????
conidiogenous cell ???? phialid ?????????????
?????? ????????????? conidiophore ??
conidiospores ??????????????? ????????????
(cylindrical shape) ???????????????? ??? spore
mass ?????????
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Beauveria
?? conidiophore ?????????????? ??????? ???????????
? ?? conidiospore ontogeny ???????
blastic-sympodial conidiogenesis ?????????????
conidiophore ????????? zigzag ?? conidiospore
??????????????? ?????????? ???????
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Arthrobotrys
?? conidiophore ??? ??????????????
???????????????????????????????? ????????????
conidiospore ?? 2 ????? ???????????? ???????
???????????????????
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Microsporium
?? conidiophore ?????????????? conidiospores
?????????? ??????????? ???????
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Curvularia
?? conidiospore ?????????????? ??????????
?????????? conidiospores ??????? blastic-sympodial
conidiogenesis conidiospores ?? 3-5 ?????
??????????????? (fusiform) ??????????????????????
?????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ????
?????
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Fusarium
mycelium ?????????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????????
?? conidiophore ???????????? ???????????????????
????????????????? ???????????????????????????????
??? ?????? sporodochia conidiospore ????????
??? macroconidiospore ??????????? ?????????????
??????? ??? microconidiospore ???????????????
??????????-?? ??????? ??????????????
???????????????
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Alternaria
?? conidiophore ?????????????? ????????
conidiospore ??????????? ??????? septum
????????????? ?????????? conidiospore ???????
dictyospore ???????????-????? ??????????
?????????????? appendage ???????? ??????????????
?????????????????
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Trichoderma
?? conidiophore ???????????????????? ?????????????
???? phialids ????? ?????????????????????????
???????????? conidiospores ???????????????
????????? ?????????? spore mass
??????????????????????
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Collectotrichum
??????????????? acervuli ???????? ?? conidiophore
?????????????? ??????? conidiospore
??????????????? ???????????-????? ???????
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Helminthosporium
?????????????????????? acervuli ??????????
conidiophore ???????????????? ?????????????
conidiophore ?????????????? ??????? ??????????
????? conidiospore ??????????????????????
conidiophore ???????????????????? ?????????????
(whorl) conidiospores ???????????
?????????????????????? ????????? (obclavate)
???????????????????
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Rhizoctonia
?????????????????????????????? ??????????????????
conidiospore ???? asexual fruiting body
?????????? mycelial sterile