Chinese-English Translation

1
Chinese-English Translation

• Department of Foreign Languages

2
A Course in Two-way Translation between English
and Chinese II
Department of Foreign Languages
3
Definitions of translation

• Translating is the art of recomposing a work in
  another language without losing its original
  flavor.
• Columbia
  Encyclopedia
• Translating is the replacement of textual
  material in one language (SL) by equivalent
  textual material in another language (TL).
• J.
  C. Carford

4
Definitions of translation

• Translating consists in reproducing in the
  receptor language the closest natural equivalent
  of the source language message, first in terms of
  meaning and secondly in terms of style.(
  ???????????????????????????????????)
• 
  Eugene A. Nida
• To translate is to change into another language,
  retaining as much of the sense as one can.
• 
  Samuel Johnson

5
Definitions of translation

• (Translating ) is rendering the meaning of a text
  into another language in the way the author
  intended the text.
• Peter
  Newmark
• Translation is an art that involves the
  re-creation of a work in another language for
  readers with a different background.
• Malcolm
  Cowley

6
Definitions of translation

• A translation is taken to be any target-language
  utterance which is presented or regarded as such
  within the target culture, on whatever grounds.
• 
  Gideon Toury
• Translation is the production of a functional
  target text maintaining a relationship with a
  given source text that is specified according to
  the intended or demanded function of the target
  text.
• 
  Christiane Nord

7
Definitions of translation

• Translation is an externally motivated industrial
  activity, supported by information technology,
  which is diversified in response to the
  particular needs of this form of communication.
• 
  Jean Sager

8
Elements involved in the process of translating

• Author of STSTTranslatorTTReaders of TT

9
Elements involved in the process of translating

• Intermediate information receiver
• Author of STSTTranslatorTTReaders of TT
• Secondary information dispatcher

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Definitions of translation

• ??????????????????,??????,????????????????
  
  ????
• ??????????????????????(??)????????????????????????
  ??(??)???????????????
• 
  ?????

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Definitions of translation

• ?????????????????????,????????????????????????,???
  ????????????????????????,?????????????????????
  ????

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Sense of language

• 1. sense of grammar
• 2. sense of idiomaticness
• 3. sense of meaning
• 4. sense of style
• 5. sense of situation
• 6. sense of coherence
• (???.??????.????,2002/6)

13
Translation as a task to be accomplished

• It is sometimes said that there is no
  task more complex than translationa claim that
  can be readily believed when all the variables
  involved are taken into account. Translators not
  only need to know their source language well
  they must also have a thorough understanding of
  the field of knowledge covered by the source
  text, and of any social, cultural, or emotional
  connotations that need to be specified in the
  target language if the intended effect is to be
  conveyed. The same special awareness needs to be
  present for the target language, so that points
  of special phrasing, local (e. g. regional)
  expectations, and so on, can all be taken into
  account.
• Cambridge
  Encyclopedia of Language

14
?????

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????,???????????????????????????????????,?????????
  ????????????,???????

15
Criteria of translation

• ????????????,????????,??????????????????????
  ??,???????????,????,????,????????????????,???
  ??????,?????
• ----??(????)
  

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Criteria of translation

• ???????,?????????????,????????????????,????,????
  ,??????????,????,???????,????,???????,???????,????
  ???,????????????????,?????,????,????????,???????,?
  ????,??????,????,????,???????,??????????,?????????
  ??,??????,????????
• ?????(1845-1900,???????,1894)

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Criteria of translation

• ?????????????,??????????,??????,???????????,?
  ????,???????,???????,????????????????,????,?????
  ?,?????????,??????,???????????????????!??
  ????,????????????,?????????????,?????
• ????(1854-1921,??????
  )

18

• Translation has to do three difficult things to
  be faithful, expressive and elegant. For a
  translation to be faithful to the original is
  difficult enough, and yet if it is not
  expressive, it is tantamount to having no
  translation. Hence expressiveness should also be
  required.

19

• The Book of Changes says that rhetoric should
  uphold truthfulness. Confucius says that
  expressiveness is all that matters in language.
  He adds that if ones language lacks grace, it
  will not travel far. These qualities, then, are
  the criterion of good writing and, I believe, of
  good translation too. Hence besides faithfulness
  and expressiveness, a translator should also aim
  at elegance. (??? ?)

20
Criteria of translation

• ????????,?????????,????????????????????
• ?????
• ?????,????????,???????,?????
• ????

21
Criteria of translation

• ???????????????????????????????,????????????????
  ?????,???????????,?????????
• 
  ?????
• ???????,??????????,???????????
• 
  ?????

22
Criteria of translation

• We expect approximate truth in
  translationwhat we want to have is the truest
  possible feel of the original. The characters,
  the situation, the reflection, must come to us as
  they were in the authors mind and breast, not
  necessarily by precisely as he had them on his
  lips.
• Oliver
  Edwards

23
Criteria of translation

• A good translator is 1) To give a just
  representation of the sense of the original, 2)
  To convey into his version, as much as possible,
  in a consistency with the genius of the language
  with which he writes, the authors spirit and
  manners, and 3) To take care that the version has
  at least the quality of an original performance
  so as to appear natural and easy. George
  Campbell

24
Criteria of translation

• The best of a real translation is that it should
  not read like translation at all. J. B.
  Philips
• No translation, however learned, is of any value
  that does not give at least some of the joy to
  the readers that was given by its original.
  A. J. Arborry

25
Criteria of translation

• (Tri-ness) Faithfulness, expressiveness, and
  gracefulness were considered the golden rule in
  the field of translation.
  
• Herbert
  Rotheinstein

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Criteria of translation

• ????,?????????(??)
• ??(similarity in spirit)(??)
• ??(sublimation)(???)
• Alexander F. Tytlers three principles
• Functional equivalence (Eugene A. Nida)
• ????,????(similarity in function and
  correspondence in meaning)

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Yan Fus three-character criterion for
translation

• Diverse interpretations are made of Yan Fus
  three-character criterion for translation as
• ?Being faithful to the original(?????)
• ?Being explicit and smooth(????)
• ?Being elegant in diction (words)(?????)

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Yan Fus three-character criterion for translation

• ?(faithfulness)??(?????)
• ?(expressiveness)????,????
• ?(elegance)??(????????)

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Alexander F. Tytler

• (1)?????????????(A translation should give a
  complete transcript of the ideas of the original
  work.)
• (2)???????????????(The style and manner of
  writing should be of the same character as that
  of the original.)
• (3)???????????(A translation should have all the
  ease of the original composition.)

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Basic Differences between Chinese and English

• ????
• ???????(Sino-Tibetan Family),???????(Indo-Europe
  an Family)?
• ????
• ???????(ideographic script),???????(alphabetic
  script)?
• ????
• ???????(tonal language),???????(intonation
  language)?

31

• ????
• ????(?????)
• ????

32
(?)??

• 1????
• ???????????(compounding)????(affixation)????
  (sound-changing)????(abbreviation)??,?????????????
  ??????,????????(reduplication),???????(conversion)
  ?????(back-formation)????(clipping)???(p.36)

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• 2?????
• (1)????
• (2)????

34

• 3?????
• ????(semantic correspondence)
• ????(semantic non-correspondence)
• ????(semantic zero)

35
Translation of Words and Expressions

• Proper words in their proper places (????) make
  the true definition of style. (Jonathan Swift)
• The difference between the right word and the
  almost right word is really a large mattertis
  the difference between the lightning bug and the
  lightning. (Mark Twain)

36

• A word is a world. It is history in the briefest
  form. It is a spot on a page but often a story of
  great events and movement. You cant examine a
  word and learn it well without learning more than
  a word. (Charles W. Ferguson) (?????.????.?????
  ?????,200117-18)

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Translation of Words and Expressions

• ??? ???????????????????,????????????????????
  ???
• ??????,?????????????,??????????,???????????????
  ?(Peter Newmark, 1981)(???200469)

38

• There is inevitably a collision of backgrounds,
  of tradition, of environment, which each language
  carries with it. The mere understanding of what
  words and sentences mean is not enough. To
  understand, each has to enter into the mental
  landscape, the history, the stage-setting of the
  others mentality. (Stephen Spender??????)
  (?????.????.??????????,200117-18)

39
??????????????

• ??????????
• ??????????

40
??????????

• ????
• ????

41
??????????

• ??
• ??
• ??
• ??

42
? ?

• ?????(the Frozen Style )
• ?????(the Formal Style)
• ??????(the Consultative Style)
• ?????(the Casual Style)
• ?????(the Intimate Style)

43

• ??????????,????,???,???,??????????,????,?????

44

• ???????????????????????,??????,?????????????????
  ?,???,???????????,??????,???????????????????????(?
  ?????)

45

• United closely with one heart and concerted
  efforts and cherishing heroic aspirations and
  lofty ambitions, we will march toward to
  modernization of science and technology, aiming
  high to scale to heights.

46

• First, a few words about myself. Im a
  fortune-teller. Once I was a vender of sour
  dates, ground-nuts and what not. But that was
  ages ago. Now I keep a fortune-tellers stall on
  the side-walk and can scrape up three or five
  dimes a day at best. My old gal had long kicked
  up her heels. My sons rickshaw-boy. Thats wot
  hes. We two, father and son, hang up our hats at
  a south-facing room in the Lius compound.

47
???????(??)??

• ????????????
• ????????????
• ??????????
• ??????????????

48
???????(??)??

• A word is a world. It is history in the briefest
  form. It is a spot on a page but often a story of
  great events and movement. You cant examine a
  word and learn it well without learning more than
  a word.
• (Charles W. Ferguson)

49

• ????,????,???????????????????????????????,?
  ???????????????,??????

50

• ?????,??????????,??????????????????????????
  ,???????????????????,??,???????,????????????????,
  ?????????????????,?????????????????????????
  (????)

51

• If you will believe me (believe it on
  not, would you believe (it)), he went through
  with flying colors (successfully be in the
  limelight attract more than enough attention) on
  the examination day! He went through on that
  purely superficial cram, and got compliments
  too, while others, who knew a thousand times more
  than he, got plucked (Brit. Slang to reject a
  candidate in an examination).

52

• Born in the countryside and having lost
  his parents and his barren lands, Xiangzi came to
  Beijing when he was eighteen. With strong muscle
  and honesty he did almost the labors by which he
  could earn his bread. Soon it appeared clear to
  him that a rickshaw was more paid than to do
  other labors with limited payment. Besides,
  drawing a rickshaw may be flexible and of much
  opportunity and sometimes he may be paid even
  much more than what he expected.

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Text types and translation types

• The content-focused text
• The form-focused text
• The appeal-focused text
• The audio-medial text

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The content-focused text

• The principal kinds of text in the
  content-focused type would include press releases
  and comments, news reports, commercial
  correspondence (????), inventories of merchandise
  (????), operating instructions (????), directions
  for use (???), patent specifications (????),
  treaties (??), official documents, educational
  works (??), non-fiction books of all sorts
  ,essays, treatises (??), reports, theses (??),
  and specialized literature in the humanities, the
  natural sciences, and other technical fields.

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The form-focused text

• Form-focused texts include literary prose
  (essays, biographies, belles-lettres),
  imaginative prose (anecdotes, short stories,
  novellas, romances), and poetry in all its forms
  (from the didactic to balladry to the purely
  sentimental).

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Appeal-focused texts (?????)

• The appeal-focused text type would include all
  texts in which the element of appeal is dominant,
  with advertising, publicity (??), preaching (??),
  propaganda, polemic (??), demagogy (??) or satire
  (??) providing either the purpose or linguistic
  means of expression.

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Audio-medial texts (??????)

• Generally speaking, any text that requires the
  use of and a degree of accommodation to a
  non-linguistic medium in order to communicate
  with the hearer, whether in the source or in the
  garget language. Primary examples would be radio
  and television scripts, such as radio newscasts
  and reports, topical surveys (???????) and
  dramatic productions (????).

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Audio-medial texts (??????)

• Also belonging here are all texts which combine
  words with music, from the most popular hits of
  the day to songs and hymns, to choral works and
  oratorios.
• Audio-medial texts would also include all stage
  productions, from musicals to operettas and
  operas, comedies and tragedies.

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Eugene A. Nida

• ??(Eugene A. Nida)??????????????????????????????
  ???????(Translation consists in reproducing in
  the receptor language the closest natural
  equivalent of the source language message, first
  in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of
  style.)

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Language Functions (Nida)

• ???From One Language to Another(?J.
  Waard??)????????
• (1)????(expressive function)
• (2)????(cognitive function)
• (3)????(interpersonal function)
• (4)????(informative function)
• (5)????(imperative function)
• (6)????(performative function)
• (7)????(emotive function)
• (8)????(aesthetic function)
• (9)??????(metalingual function)

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Halliday

• Halliday?????????(ideational function)?????(interp
  ersonal function)?????(textual function)?
• The ideational function is to organize the
  speakers or writers experience of the real or
  imaginary world, i.e. language refers to real or
  imagined persons, things, actions, events,
  states, etc.

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• The interpersonal function is to indicate,
  establish, or maintain social relationships
  between people. It includes forms of address,
  speech function, MODALITY, etc.
• The textual function is to create written or
  spoken TEXTS which cohere within themselves and
  which fit the particular situation in which they
  are used. (Jack. C. Richards. Longman Dictionary
  of Language Teaching Applied Linguistics.
  2000188)

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Karl Buhler(???)

• According to Karl Buhler(???),
  language serves simultaneously to
• 1.represent (objectively)
• 2.express (subjectively)
• 3.appeal (persuasively).

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Peter Newmark

• ???????Peter Newmark?????????
• 1?????(informative function),????????????(He is
  my elder brother.)
• 2? ????(expressive function),?????????????!(What
  a beautiful view!)
• 3?????(vocative function),??????????????????????

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• 4?????(aesthetic function),??????????????,??????
  ???,???????,?????????????????,?????????
  (???????)(The leaves were dotted in between
  the layers with white flowers, some blooming
  gracefully others, as if bashfully, still in
  bud. They were like bright pearls and stars in an
  azure sky.????).???????(Time is precious)?

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• 5?????(cognitive function),??????????,???????????
  ??????????,????,?????(???,19978)???????????
• 6?????(phatic function),????????,????????????????
  ?(How do you do!)???(Nice to see you!)
• 7??????(metalingual function),???????????????????
  ???????????(Language is a unique system of signs.)

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Meaning

• Denotation
• Connotation

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Denotation

• denotation that part of meaning of a word or
  phrase that relates it to phenomena in the real
  world or in a fictional or possible world. For
  example, the denotation of the English word
  bird is a two-legged, winged, egg-laying,
  warm-blooded creature with a beak. In a meaning
  system, denotative meaning may be regarded as the
  central meaning or core meaning of a lexical
  item. It is often equated with referential
  meaning and with cognitive meaning and conceptual
  meaning.

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Connotation

• connotation the additional meanings that a word
  or phrase has beyond its central meaning. These
  meanings show peoples emotions and attitudes
  towards what the word or phrase refers to. For
  example, child could be defined as a young human
  being but there are many other characteristics
  which different people associate with child, e.
  g. affectionate, amusing, lovable, sweet,
  mischievous, noisy, irritating, grubby.

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Meaning (semiotics, semiology)

• Intrinsic meaning
• Referential meaning
• Pragmatic meaning

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Meaning within the language

• Meaning on the phonological level
• Meaning on the lexical level
• Meaning on the textual level

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Meaning on the phonological level

• ??(alliteration)pretty as a picture, deaf as a
  doornail (??)
• ??(assonance)The rain in Spain stays mainly in
  the plain.

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• ??(consonance)The splendor falls on castle
  walls.
• ??(rhyme)????,?????(Downy lips make thoughtless
  slips.)
• ?????,????????

74
Meaning on the lexical level

• While the Vietnam vet was fighting, and
  losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed
  behind to pursue education and career.

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???(pun)If we dont hang together, well hang
separately.

• ??(zeugma)
• 1.??????????????
• 2.????,????
• 3.????,????
• 4.?????(?????)
• 5.????????????!??????????,??????????,??????????

76

• 1.He and his driving license expired last week.
• 2.weeping eyes and hearts
• 3.wage war and peace
• 4.poor but not wanting in enterprise poor but
  with lofty ideals (aspirations)
• 5.What a heavy load this aeroplane bore! It
  carried the hearts of the people of the liberated
  areas, the hopes of the entire Chinese people,
  and the destiny of our country.

77

• ????????,????,??????????In their element(in
  ones accustomed or preferred surroundings,???????
  ?,????) when fighting internal war , they cannot
  but be out of their element when it comes to
  fighting external war.)

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?? (anadiplosis)

• 1. Beauty is truth, truth beauty.????,?????
• 2.????????Lift my cup of wine to drown my
  sorrow? My sorrow leaves me not.
• 3.????,????Women are like flowers, flowers are
  like dreams.

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? ?(??)

• ??????????,?????????,?????????,????????
  ?,?????????,?????????,???????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????

80
Meaning on the textual level

• ???????,????????(????)
• Through endless space with rustling sound
• The falling leaves are whirled round.
• Beyond my ken a yeasty sea
• The Yangtzes waves are rolling free.

81

• Their powers of conversation were considerable.
  They could describe an entertainment with
  accuracy, relate an anecdote with humor, and
  laugh at their acquaintance with spirit. (Jane
  Austen, Pride and Prejudice)???????????,??????????
  ,?????????,?????????????

82

• Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for
  ability. Their chief use for delight, is in
  privateness and retiring for ornament, is in
  discourse and for ability, is in the judgment
  and disposition of business.??????,????,?????????,
  ?????????????,?????????????,??????????

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Referential meaning

• ????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????? (??)????(??)???????(term
  of command)

84

• ????????(??,??,??)????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????????
  ?????,???

85
Pragmatic meaning

• ??(indicative)??
• ??(expressive)??
• ??(associative)??
• ??(imperative)??
• ??(social)??

86
Man and Nature (Version 1 )

• The bounty of Nature is equal to everyone, rich
  or poor, and therefore all men are all strongly
  attached to her. This is particularly true in the
  rural areas, where people have kept the same
  lifestyle for a millennium or so. They plant
  crops and grapevines, brew wine to drink, feed
  cows to milk, and weed the garden to grow
  flowers. They go to church at weekends, and they
  meet in the square on holidays, playing the
  violin, singing and dancing. The age-old land
  remains the same as their family hearth. Each
  place boasts its folklore and thereby social
  customs go down.

87
Man and Nature (Version 2)

• Nature favors men on equal terms regardless of
  their wealth therefore, they unanimously put
  great trust in her. This is particularly true of
  people in the countryside, where life follows a
  set pattern for hundreds of years. They grow
  crops and grapes, brew wine to drink, feed cattle
  and milk cows, weed the garden and plant flowers.
  At weekends, they go to church on holidays, they
  play musical instruments, sing songs and dance
  around on public squares. The age-old country
  fields and gardens remain unchanged, todays cozy
  and comfortable land for them all. Thus, each
  place has its own stories and customs and habits
  are passed down.

88
Errors and Analyses

• 1??????????
• ????feed bulls for milkthey go to church to
  pray and worship
• ????brew wine and drink alcohol brew
  spirits and drink wine brew wine and drink beer
• 2??????
• ????no matter rich or poor no matter people
  are rich or poor no matter poverty or wealth
  (richness)
• 3?????
• ???????,?????Growing crops and grapes Grow
  crops and grapes
• (to be continued)

89

• (continued)
• 4?????
• They go to the church, praying and to attend
  church service.
• They play the violin, dancing and sing.
• People, poor or with property.
• 5???
• ?????(they go to church to prey)?????(the
  nature)

90
Idiomatic pairs usually with the linking word of
and in English

• noun pairs and verb pairs
• adverbial pairs and adjectival pairs
• identical/prepositional pairs

91
Noun pairs and verb pairs

• peace and quiet a period of quiet and calm,
  often with have/get/enjoy/some. Its impossible
  to get any peace and quiet in this house with you
  two arguing all the time.
• body and soul physical and mental energy, as in
  put body and soul into. She puts body and soul
  into her work with the girl guides. She is an
  inspired leader.

92

• life and limb risk death or serious injury, as
  in risk life and limb. Youll risk life and
  limb if you decided to go white-water rafting
  after such heavy rainfall.
• grin and bear it put up with something
  unpleasant without complaining because it cannot
  be changed. I know this hotel isnt very good,
  but all the better accommodation is taken, so
  well just have to grin and bear it.
• hearth and home your home and family. the joys
  of hearth and home.

93
Adverbial pairs and adjectival pairs

• here and there to or in several places. I could
  see a number of houses scattered here and there
  over the hillside.
• now and again occasionally. How often do you see
  her now?-Every now and again. Not as regularly as
  I used to.
• first and foremost most importantly. Why dont
  you get a job that pays more? First and foremost
  because I really enjoy the job Im doing.

94

• short and sweet not too complicated, as in a
  speech, often with keep/make it. Ill try and
  keep this short and sweet. I know you dont want
  to stay here longer than you need to. I only
  needed two minutes with the doctor the visit
  was short and sweet.????????????,???????,??????Sho
  rt but sweet. With faux fur (???), a dress coat
  doesnt need to be long.

95

• safe and sound not harmed at all. Oh, Im so
  glad to have you back home safe and sound. I was
  beginning to get worried about you.
• sick and tired extremely annoyed with someone,
  often with of hearing /listening. Im sick and
  tired of hearing your excuses. Its about time
  you did an honest days work.

96

• touch and go risky of uncertain result. From
  this point on, his work went from strength to
  strength, and his supervisor began to believe
  that Hawking might, after all, manage to pull
  together the different threads of his PhD
  research. It was still touch and go, but a
  wonderful chance was just around the corner. a
  touch-and-go state of affairs .

97
Identical/prepositional pairs

• round and round moving in circles or spinning,
  usually with go. Were not making any progress
  by arguing like this. Were just going round and
  round in circles.
• little by little gradually or slowly. Little by
  little his health improved and he was able to
  walk further and further each day.
• all in all taking everything into consideration.
  All in all, it was a successful holiday in spite
  of some scary moments.

98
over and above besides in addition to. The
waiters get good tips over and above wages.

• leaps and bounds leaps and bounds is really a
  prepositional idiom as it is always used after
  the prepositions by or in. If you do
  something by leaps and bounds, then you are
  making rapid or spectacular progress I feel that
  my English is coming on in leaps and bounds now
  that I can understand idioms. Her health is
  improving by leaps and bounds.
• up hill and down dale everywhere. Weve been
  chasing up hill and down dale trying to find you.

99
Version (1)

• Father said Do you like the peanut?
• We vied in giving the answer Yes, we do!
• My elder sister said Its very delicious to
  eat.
• My bother said It is good for making oil.
• I said It is inexpensive.

100
Version (2)

• Do you like the peanut? said my father.
• Yes, we do! we said eagerly.
• Its very delicious to eat, said my elder
  sister.
• Its good for making oil, said my elder
  brother.
• Its expensive, I said finally.

101
Version(3)

• The weather was not very good that night but, to
  our great delight, Dad came all the same. Do you
  like peanuts? Dad asked.

102
Version (3)

• Yes! we vied in giving the answer.
• But who can tell me what the peanut is good
  for?
• Its very delicious to eat, my sister took the
  lead.
• It is good for making oil, followed my brother.
• It is inexpensive, finally came my turn.
  Almost everyone can afford it and everyone
  enjoys eating it. I think this is what it is good
  for.

103
Culture and translation

• cultural return (????)
• ???????????????????????
• ??????????(??/?????/?????/?????/???)??????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????,????????????????
• ???????????????,????????????????????????????????

104
Definitions of culture

• Culture is succinctly defined as the totality of
  beliefs and practices of a society.
• ???????,??????????????????????????????????????????
  ??(??(Edward Tylor).????.1871)
• ????????????????????????????????(???????.????????.
  200421 )

105
Characteristics of culture

• 1)????,??????
• 2)???????
• 3)??????????????????????
• 4)????????,????????????????(??,199376)

106
Characteristics of culture

• ????????????,????????
• 1)??????
• 2)??????
• 3)??????
• 4)??????(???,199915)

107
The structure of cultural system

• 1)????????
• 2)????
• 3)????
• 4)????(??,199377)

108
Strata of culture

• ???????????
• 1)?????(material stratum)
• 2)?????(institutional stratum)
• 3)?????(behavioral and customary stratum)
• 4)????????(mental stratum)
• (???,199933)

109
Classifications of culture

• ????(material culture)
• ????(institutional culture)
• ???? (mental culture)
• (???(20008)
• ?????????(???????,200422)

110
????

• ????(material culture)??????????,??????????
  ??????????????????????????????????

111
????

• ????(institutional culture)????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????

112
????

• ????(??????)(mental culture)???????????????
  ????????????????

113
??????

• ????
• ????
• ????
• ???????
• (???,2000276)

114
????????

• (1)???????(ethics),???????(cognition)
• (2)??????(integrity)?????? (synthetic)
  ??,??????(individuality)??????(analytic)??
• (3)??????(intuition),??????(evidence)
• (4)????????(figurative thinking),????????(logical
  thinking)(???????200425-32)

115
??????????

• ????????????
• ????????????
• ????????????
• ????????????
• (??78)

116
Translatability of culture

• ????????????
• (1)??????????????????
• (2)??????????????????????????
• (3)????????????????????

117
Translatability of culture

• ?????????
• (1)?????????,?????????????
• (2)???????????????????????
• (3)?????????????????????????????

118

• ???????????,???????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????,??????????

119
Version (1)

• In todays society which is full of
  fierce competition, everyone cant avoid bearing
  pressure. Some people have serious mental
  problems due to their inability to get rid of
  pressure. So, we should learn to face correctly
  and release pressure. Having a healthy, upward
  attitude is a good way to overcome pressure.

120
Version (2)

• In todays fiercely competitive
  society, nobody can avoid pressure. Some people
  have serious psychological problems because of
  their inability to cope with (deal with, handle)
  pressure. So, we should learn to face up to
  pressure, and release it properly. Having a
  positive, optimistic attitude is an effective way
  to manage pressure.

121

• ??????????,?????????????????????????,??
  ??????????,????????????,??????????

122
Version (1)

• Living in bustling urban cities, people
  often feel unknown pressure. People all dream of
  getting rid of their problems sometimes and
  finding a piece of peace for the heart. In this
  case, you might as well go out for a stroll in
  the hills and fields on the weekends to fully
  relax your body and soul.

123
Version (2)

• Living in todays bustling cities,
  people often feel inexplicably depressed.
  Everyone dreams of casting aside their problems
  sometimes and finding peace of mind. In this
  case, go out for a stroll in the countryside on
  the weekends to fully relax.

124

• ???????????,???????????????????????????
  ??????????,????????????????

125
Version (1)

• I heard that universities were as
  relaxed as a paradise of playing. However, now I
  see many students reading in the campus grove
  every morning. Only now I realize that a busy and
  happy campus life is substantial.

126
Version (2)

• I heard that campus life was relaxed,
  and that university was like a fun-filled
  paradise. However, now I have seen many students
  reading under the trees in the campus park every
  morning. I have only realized now that only a
  campus life which is both busy and happy is
  meaningful.

127
????

• ????????,????????????,???????????????????????????
  ,????????,???????????,?????????????,????????,?????
  ???

128
????

• A person, like a commodity, needs packaging,
  though going too far is undesirable. A little
  exaggeration, however, does no harm when it shows
  the persons unique qualities to their advantage.

129

• To display personal charm in a casual and natural
  way, it is important for one to have a clear
  knowledge of oneself. A master packager knows how
  to integrate art and nature without any traces of
  embellishment, so that the person so packaged is
  no commodity but a human being, alive and
  kicking.

130

• ?????????,?????????????????,?????????
  ?????????????????????????????,????????????????????
  ???????????????,?????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????,??????,???????????,?????????
  ????

131

• After his retirement, Qiao Yu takes
  to fishing. Beautiful surroundings make people
  happy, and they are places where water is clear
  with fish, he said. To my mind, the most
  fascinating natural fishing site is the one in
  the open countryside, not a pond where you find
  easy comfort in catching easily-hooked starved
  fish specially prepared.

132

• Fishing is a temperament-molding sport that
  brings health to your body and mind. Fishing
  falls into three states, Qiao Yu remarked. The
  first involves in eating the fish. The second is
  concerned with the enjoyment in your eating, and
  the third consists mostly in the delight you
  derive from fishing in a pool of clear water,
  free from the cares of the world with your body
  and mind relaxed to the full.

133
? ?(Context)

• ? ?
• ????MiC ????(????)MaC
• Collocation or Text
  Social, cultural, historical
• frame of words,
  background, matrix
• Sentence or
• or sentence groups
• ?????/????? ????? ??????????(??)
• (????)(???,2003 366)
• ?????(meaning)?????????(significance)(????)

134
?????

• ???????????????
• ???????????????????,??????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????????
• ????????(????)??????(????)?????(?????????,????????
  ??????????????????)??????,????(???????????????????
  ?????????)????????
• ????????????????????,?????,?????????????????????
• ????????????????(?????)????????????????,??????????
  ???????,?????????????????????
• (???,???????,??????????,2001?? p. 336)

135

• There is inevitably a collision of backgrounds,
  of tradition, of environment, which each language
  carries with it. The mere understanding of what
  words and sentences mean is not enough. To
  understand, each has to enter into the mental
  landscape(??), the history(??), the stage-setting
  of the others mentality(??). (Stephen Spender)

136

• ?????????????????,?????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????,?????????????

137

• Shenzhou Seven realized the Chinese
  peoples dream of flying into the space, writing
  a magnificent poem on the continuing hard work
  and independent spirit of the nation. Its
  successful launch is a powerful witness of the
  increasingly prosperous China. Id like to
  develop the astronauts spirit of bearing
  hardships and contribute my efforts to our
  nation.

138

• Shenzhou VII realized the Chinese
  peoples dream of flying into space, composing a
  magnificent poem to the continuing hard work and
  independent spirit of the nation. Its successful
  launch is a powerful witness to our countrys
  increasing prosperity. Id like to carry on the
  astronauts spirit of perseverance and make my
  contribution to our nation.

139

• ???????,???????????????????????????,???
  ??????????????????????????????,??????????????,????
  ??????????????????,?????

140

• I feel good to be at home. I can eat
  the hometown dishes my mom makes. Mum says my
  coming home makes trouble for her, but I know
  those are not her words at heart. In fact, she
  expects me. She feels concerned if she cant see
  me during Spring Festival. I sometimes miss the
  school life when stay home for too long. I have
  more freedom there without mums endless talking.

141

• Its great to be home. I can enjoy the
  local dishes my mum makes. Mum says that my
  coming home adds to her troubles, but I know she
  doesnt mean it. In fact, she has been expecting
  me. She feels worried if she cant see me during
  the Spring Festival. I sometimes miss campus life
  when I stay home for too long. I feel more free
  there without mums nagging.