Unit 3 Petroleum Organic Chemistry

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Unit 3 Petroleum (Organic Chemistry)
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What is Petroleum?

• In its natural state, it is a complex mixture of
  hydrocarbons and other substances, such as water,
  sulfides, metals and salts.
• Pumped from the ground
• Called crude oil
• A greenish-brown to black liquid
• Viscosity varies from high to low
• A mixture that must be refined before it can be
  used
• It is a nonrenewable resource

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Where does petroleum come from?

• Petroleum comes from the ground and we transport
  it to refineries

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What is petroleum made of?

• Hydrocarbons are the simplest of the organic
  compounds. As the name suggests, hydrocarbons are
  made from hydrogen and carbon.

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What can we do with petroleum?

• Burning it provides over ½ of the total annual
  U.S. energy needs
• Most of it is used as fuel in the form of
  gasoline
• Other petroleum based fuels heat homes, generate
  electricity, power diesel engines and jet
  aircraft.
• Other uses include the production of plastics,
  sports equipment, clothing, auto parts,
  medications, cosmetics, artificial limbs etc.

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FACT! OF all the petroleum we use..

• 89 of all petroleum is used for fuel
• 7 is used for new materials and plastics
• 4 for paving and miscellaneous products

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For every gallon used to produce useful products,
5 are burned for fuel!

• Fuel
• All other plastics and useful products

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What happens to petroleum that makes it so
valuable?

• When Petroleum is burned, a chemical reaction
  occurs.
• The atoms are rearranged to form new molecules.
• The burning hydrocarbons produce water and carbon
  dioxide (combustion reaction)
• The gases disperse into the air .
• It will take millions of years to replace it

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Combustion reaction of hydrocarbons
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Who Has it?

• It is not spread equally

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Separation

• Taking out the good in the goo
• fractional distillation
• Separation by differences in boiling points

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Simple Distillation

• All based on what temperature something vaporizes
  at
• The distillates are what is collected at
  differing time intervals

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Steps to refining crude oil

• The crude oil is heated to about 400 degrees.
• The crude is then pumped into a fractional tower,
  which is about 100 feet tall.
• Some of the crude oil vaporize.
• Trays at different heights collect the condensed
  fractions.
• The thickest and heaviest molecules never
  vaporize, they sink to the base and are drained.

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Petroleum Refining

• Crude oil is made up of hundreds of different
  hydrocarbons
• In oil the different groups of similar
  hydrocarbons are fractions
• Obtaining fractions at a large scale
• Large scale refineries process
• 3 million barrels a day

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Lets examine the fractions
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The different fractions

• Gases 1-4 carbons fuels
• 5-12 C motor oil and solvents
• 12-16 C tractor fuel, lamps, and cracking
• 15-18 C diesel, and industrial heating
• 16-20 Lubricants
• 20 C dont boil waxes, solids

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Gases

• Petroleum's gases have a low boiling point.
• The smallest hydrocarbon molecules with 1-4
  carbon atoms are only slightly attracted to each
  other.
• Because of their low intermolecular attraction,
  they separate easily and rise as a gas.

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Liquids

• Include gasoline, kerosene and heavier oils.
• They have from 5-20 carbon atoms.
• They are divided into light distillates,
  intermediate distillates and heavy distillates
  based on their boiling points.

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Examples of each fraction

• Gases Heating oil, petrochemicals, material for
  plastics and gasoline additives
• Gasoline Heating fuel, natural gasoline for fuel
• Light distillates Aviation gasoline, Kerosene
• Intermediate distillates Furnace oil, diesel
  fuel
• Heavy Distillates Lubricating oil, grease, wax
• Residues Petroleum jelly, asphalt, road oil

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How they interact, properties

• Molecules are held together by intermolecular
  forces
• They attract to one another
• The boiling points can help us group together
  similar molecules, and organize them
• Page 220 A.5 1-6

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Density and Viscosity

• The more carbons the higher the viscosity, the
  higher intermolecular forces
• A measure of how fast or slow a substance flows,
  Higher its thicker and slower
• Density is also related to the number of carbons
• How does this effect different fractions uses?