Canadian Institute for Advanced Research

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Canadian Institute for Advanced Research

• Quantum Materials Program

17 October 2003
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Superconductivity
A century of electron physics
A century of electron physics
1957
1957
BCS theory of superconductivity
BCS theory of superconductivity
1911
1911
Discovery of superconductivity
Discovery of superconductivity
1980
Electrons in matter are fundamentally
understood
1956
1956
Landaus Fermi-liquid theory
1897
1897
Discovery of the electron
Discovery of the electron
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Superconductivity
?
1986
Discovery of superconductivity in cuprates
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Superconductivity
1988 CIAR Superconductivity Program
?
1987 Nobel Prize in Physics
1987 Woodstock of Physics
A SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
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Canadian Institute for Advanced Research
Superconductivity Program
1988
UBC
Sherbrooke
McMaster
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Canadian Institute for Advanced Research
Quantum Materials Program
2003
Alberta
UBC
NRC
Sherbrooke
Waterloo
30 in Canada 9 abroad
SFU
McMaster
Toronto
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Canadian Members

• University of British Columbia
• Ian Affleck
• Doug Bonn
• Jess Brewer
• Marcel Franz
• Walter Hardy
• Rob Kiefl
• Ruixing Liang
• George Sawatzky
• Philip Stamp
• University of Alberta
• Frank Marsiglio
• Simon Fraser University
• Steven Dodge
• Jeff Sonier

• University of Toronto
• Robert Birgeneau
• Hae-Young Kee
• Yong Baek Kim
• Michael Walker
• John Wei
• McMaster University
• John Berlinsky
• Jules Carbotte
• Bruce Gaulin
• Catherine Kallin
• Graeme Luke
• John Preston
• Tom Timusk

• University of Sherbrooke
• Claude Bourbonnais
• Patrick Fournier
• Louis Taillefer
• André-Marie Tremblay
• NRC Chalk River
• William Buyers
• University of Waterloo
• Michel Gingras
• appointed since 1998

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Canadian Members

• University of British Columbia
• Ian Affleck
• Doug Bonn
• Jess Brewer
• Marcel Franz
• Walter Hardy
• Rob Kiefl
• Ruixing Liang
• George Sawatzky
• Philip Stamp
• University of Alberta
• Frank Marsiglio
• Simon Fraser University
• Steven Dodge
• Jeff Sonier

• University of Toronto
• Robert Birgeneau
• Hae-Young Kee
• Yong Baek Kim
• Michael Walker
• John Wei
• McMaster University
• John Berlinsky
• Jules Carbotte
• Bruce Gaulin
• Catherine Kallin
• Graeme Luke
• John Preston
• Tom Timusk

• University of Sherbrooke
• Claude Bourbonnais
• Patrick Fournier
• Louis Taillefer
• André-Marie Tremblay
• NRC Chalk River
• William Buyers
• University of Waterloo
• Michel Gingras

• Theory
• Experiment

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Canadian Members

• University of British Columbia
• Ian Affleck
• Doug Bonn
• Jess Brewer
• Marcel Franz
• Walter Hardy
• Rob Kiefl
• Ruixing Liang
• George Sawatzky
• Philip Stamp
• University of Alberta
• Frank Marsiglio
• Simon Fraser University
• Steven Dodge
• Jeff Sonier

• University of Toronto
• Robert Birgeneau
• Hae-Young Kee
• Yong Baek Kim
• Michael Walker
• John Wei
• McMaster University
• John Berlinsky
• Jules Carbotte
• Bruce Gaulin
• Catherine Kallin
• Graeme Luke
• John Preston
• Tom Timusk

• University of Sherbrooke
• Claude Bourbonnais
• Patrick Fournier
• Louis Taillefer
• André-Marie Tremblay
• NRC Chalk River
• William Buyers
• University of Waterloo
• Michel Gingras

• Theory
• Experiment
• Materials

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Foreign Members

• Université de Paris
• Denis Jérome
• Kyoto University
• Yoshiteru Maeno
• Columbia University
• Andrew Millis
• Stanford University
• Kathryn Moler
• Robert Laughlin

• Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge
• Thom Mason
• University of California Los Angeles
• Steve Kivelson
• Florida State University
• Zachary Fisk
• Princeton University
• Philip Anderson

appointed since 1998
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Foreign Members

• Université de Paris
• Denis Jérome
• Kyoto University
• Yoshiteru Maeno
• Columbia University
• Andrew Millis
• Stanford University
• Kathryn Moler
• Robert Laughlin

• Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge
• Thom Mason
• University of California Los Angeles
• Steve Kivelson
• Florida State University
• Zachary Fisk
• Princeton University
• Philip Anderson

• Theory
• Experiment

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Foreign Members

• Université de Paris
• Denis Jérome
• Kyoto University
• Yoshiteru Maeno
• Columbia University
• Andrew Millis
• Stanford University
• Kathryn Moler
• Robert Laughlin

• Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge
• Thom Mason
• University of California Los Angeles
• Steve Kivelson
• Florida State University
• Zachary Fisk
• Princeton University
• Philip Anderson

• Theory
• Experiment
• Materials

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Advisory Committee 1998-2003

• Vic Emery, Brookhaven National Laboratory
  (ex-chair)
• Alain Caillé, Université de Montréal
• Michael Norman, Argonne National Laboratory
  (chair)
• Bertram Batlogg, ETH-Zürich and Bell Labs -
  Lucent Technologies
• Phuan Ong, Princeton University
• George Sawatzky, University of British Columbia

Continuing from previous cycle
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Advisory Committee 2003-2008

• Seamus Davis, Cornell University
• Rick Greene, University of Maryland
• Allan MacDonald, University of Texas at Austin

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Electrons in Cuprates
A New World for Electrons
CuO2 plane
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High-Temperature Superconductivity

• Discoveries

• New ideas

• New capabilities

• New materials

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High-Temperature Superconductivity

• Discoveries

PHASE DIAGRAM OF CUPRATES
insulator
m a g n e t i s m
Temperature
metal
superconductor
Electron concentration
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High-Temperature Superconductivity

• Discoveries

• D-wave superconductivity

PHASE DIAGRAM OF CUPRATES
Hardy, Bonn Liang ( Berlinsky Kallin )
insulator
m a g n e t i s m
Temperature
metal
superconductor
Electron concentration
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High-Temperature Superconductivity

• Discoveries

• D-wave superconductivity

PHASE DIAGRAM OF CUPRATES

• Pseudogap

Timusk
insulator
m a g n e t i s m
Temperature
metal
superconductor
Electron concentration
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High-Temperature Superconductivity

• Discoveries

• D-wave superconductivity

PHASE DIAGRAM OF CUPRATES

• Pseudogap

insulator
Birgeneau Emery Kivelson

• Stripes

m a g n e t i s m
Temperature
metal
superconductor
Electron concentration
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High-Temperature Superconductivity

• Discoveries

• D-wave superconductivity

PHASE DIAGRAM OF CUPRATES

• Pseudogap

insulator

• Stripes

m a g n e t i s m
Temperature
Electrons in cuprates adopt entirely new forms
of organization
metal
superconductor
Electron concentration
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High-Temperature Superconductivity

• Discoveries

• New ideas

• New states of matter
• Electron fractionalization
• Unification of magnetism and superconductivity
• Quantum criticality

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High-Temperature Superconductivity

• Discoveries

• New ideas

• New capabilities

Scanning tunneling spectroscopy
Photoemission spectroscopy
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High-Temperature Superconductivity

• Discoveries

• New ideas

• New capabilities

• New materials

• Manganites CMR
• Ruthenates first p-wave superconductor
• Nickelates static stripe order
• Spin ladders

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High-Temperature Superconductivity

• Where do we stand in 2003 ?

The problem has not been cracked !
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High-Temperature Superconductivity

• Where do we stand in 2003 ?

• Much learnt, many open questions
• Is antiferromagnetism responsible for
  superconductivity ?
• Are stripes good or bad for superconductivity ?
• Is spin-charge separation occuring ?
• Is 2D the key ?
• What is the nature of the pseudogap?
• Is there a hidden critical point?

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Superconductivity Program
Our comparative advantage

• MATERIALS SYNTHESIS
• COMPLEMENTARITY
• TRUE COLLABORATION

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Interactions and collaboration

• Two annual Program meetings Spring
  Fall

• Annual Summer School organized by students

• Small scale meetings, joint experiments, etc

• Complementary expertise

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Interactions and collaboration

• Two annual Program meetings Spring
  Fall

• Annual Summer School organized by students

• Small scale meetings, joint experiments, etc

• Complementary expertise

• Materials

• Theory

• Experiment

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The power of collaboration

• The definitive neutron experiments on cuprates

• Materials

• Theory

• Experiment

D-density wave Neutron scattering YBCO
crystals
Laughlin, Kee Buyers, Birgeneau, Liang,
Bonn, Taillefer Hardy
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The power of collaboration

• Elucidating the nature of superconductivity
  in ruthenates

• Materials

• Theory

• Experiment

Sr2RuO4 Muons Ultrasound
Single crystals
Rice, Sigrist, Luke, Taillefer
Maeno Walker
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The Future
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Quantum Materials

• Some big questions
• How to achieve superconductivity at room
  temperature?
• What happens to electrons at a quantum critical
  point?
• Can quantum decoherence be mastered?
• Have we uncovered all distinct phases of matter?

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A Program on Quantum Materials

• Superconductivity
• Quantum magnetism
• Quantum phase transitions
• Organic conductors

• Research areas

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A Program on Quantum Materials

• Superconductivity

• Research areas

The theoretical foundation for our understanding
of electrons in matter breaks down.
Cuprates
The paradigm

• Two cornerstones of 20th century physics fail
• Fermi-liquid theory of metallic state
• BCS theory of superconducting state

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A Program on Quantum Materials

• Superconductivity

• Research areas

New superconductors
discovered since 2000
ferromagnetic superconductors MgB2 carbon
nanotubes? carbon-60 iron (DNA??)
Research into superconductivity is enjoying a
renaissance. Physics World, January 2002
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A Program on Quantum Materials

• Superconductivity

• Research areas

New superconductors
ferromagnetic superconductors
UGe2
Cambridge group (Lonzarich), 2000
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A Program on Quantum Materials

• Superconductivity
• Quantum magnetism

• Research areas

• Most powerful probes of magnetism
• Neutrons

• Muons

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A Program on Quantum Materials

• Superconductivity
• Quantum magnetism
• Quantum phase transitions

• Research areas

CeIn3
Gradual breakdown of the Fermi liquid
Grenoble (Flouquet) Cambridge (Lonzarich), 1998
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A Program on Quantum Materials

• Superconductivity
• Quantum magnetism
• Quantum phase transitions
• Organic conductors

• Research areas

- Mott insulator - Unconventional
superconductivity - Interplay of magnetism
and superconductivity - Luttinger liquid
Orsay (Jérome) and Sherbrooke (Bourbonnais), 2001
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A Program on Quantum Materials

• Superconductivity
• Quantum magnetism
• Quantum phase transitions
• Organic conductors
• Nanostructures and mesoscopic physics

• Research areas

Spin injection with STM Scanning magnetic
probe Carbon nanotube
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A Program on Quantum Materials

• Superconductivity
• Quantum magnetism
• Quantum phase transitions
• Organic conductors
• Nanostructures and mesoscopic physics
• Solid-state quantum computing

• Research areas

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Canadian Institute for Advanced Research
Quantum Materials
Nanoelectronics
Quantum Information Processing
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Quantum Materials
UNDERSTANDING CONTROL
? example superconducting QUBIT

• Superconductivity
• Nanostructures
• Quantum information

Manipulating the Quantum State of an Electrical
Circuit D. Vion, M. Devoret et al. Science
3 May 2002