Network Solutions: Introduction to Networks Seminar

1
Welcome
Introduction to Networking Sponsored
by Yokogawa Corporation of America
2
Corporate Information

• Yokogawa Corporation of America
• Founded September 1, 1958
• Headquarters Newnan, Georgia
• Number of employees 550

3
Business Domain

• Control Equipment and Systems

Production Control System CENTUM CS 1000
Integrated Production Control System CENTUM CS
3000
Control and Measurement Station           CX1000/2
000
Network Based Control System STARDOM
Programmable Controller FA-M3
Safety Instrumented System ProSafe
4
Business Domain

• Field Instruments and Analytical Instruments

Magnetic Flowmeter ADMAG
Vortex Flowmeter Digital YEWFLO
Differential Pressure Transmitter DPharp EJA
pH Analyzer EXA PH
Zirconia Oxygen Analyzer EXA OXY
Process Gas Chromatograph GC1000
Pressure Transmitter EJA Remote Seals
5
Business Domain

• Data Acquisition and Control

Mobile Corder MV100/200
DAQSTATION DX100/200
Control and Measurement Station           CX1000/2
000
PC-Based Data Acquisition Unit   MX100
Temperature Controller UT100
Data Collector DC100
Range-Free Multi-Controller FA-M3
Universal Controller Green Series YS
Signal Conditioner VJ series
6
Networking Seminar
STANIETO Add notes on networking protocols vs.
fieldbus protocols. Open vs proprietary
protocols.

• Assume this is a new subject for everyone
• Instrument tech, supervisor, engineer, manager
• Learn terms
• Look at networking technology
• Live demonstrations

7
What You Will Learn

• Basic hardware and addressing
• TCP/IP protocol
• Routers, Bridges, Switches
• Webservers, Email FTP
• Dial-up networking
• OPC connectivity software
• Modbus Protocol
• Wireless networking
• Additional Resources

8
The Importance of Networking
Ask who is on LAN at work? Who is using email
now? Who was using email before

• Convergence of industrial business platforms
• Networking offers cost effective performance
• Common physical media for different vendors
• LAN networks are everywhere

9
Network Seminar Hardware
MX100 192.168.10.9
WANConnection
Xycom Industrial PC 192.168.10.17
100 baseT
FAM3 192.168.10.8
Hardwire To WAN
Wireless To WAN
or
100 baseT
Wireless (802.11B )
CX2000 192.168.10.6
192.168.10.1
DC100 with Power Modules 192.168.10.12
10baseT
uR10000 192.168.10.15
RS232
DX200/S123 192.168.10.3
Wireless Ethernet
RS485 Modbus
RS485 Modbus
10baseT
UT350E
CX1000 192.168.10.5
UT351E 192.168.10.80
DA100
10
Term Alert LAN

• Local Area Network

A communications network made up of servers,
workstations, a network operating system
and communications link that serves users within
a confined geographical area.
11
Client/Server Computing
Give some samples of typical clients and servers
CLIENT
SERVER
REQUEST
Server
Client
Program
Program
RESPONSE
Send Request
Process Request
Read Results
Send Back Results

• Client/Server will be used later in FTP file
  transfers and OPC software

12
A Network Is

• Devices that need to talk
• Wires to connect the devices
• Communication cards in the devices
• Addresses to identify devices
• Common language for communication

PC
DAQSTATION
Simple LAN (Local Area Network)
192.168.1.21
192.168.1.20
13
Term Alert OSI 7 Layer Model

• Open System Interconnection

The Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference
model describes how information from a software
application in one computer moves through a
network medium to a software application in
another computer. The OSI reference model is a
conceptual model composed of seven layers, each
specifying particular network functions. The
model was developed by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1984,
and it is now considered the primary
architectural model for intercomputer
communications.
14
Making Networks Interoperable
Find a way to make this usable or delete
OSI 7 Layer Reference Model
All People Seem To Need Data Processing
Application
Data Transport
15
OSI 7 Layer Reference Model
16
Physical Layer TheWire
Cat 5 voice and data at 100 mbpsCat 5e voice
and data at 100 mbps Cat 6 voice and data at 250
mbps UTP unshielded twisted pair (normal in
office) Patch cable straight thru used with
hubs routers Cross cable crossed used for PC
to device direct RJ45 standard 10baseT (twisted
pair) connector
17
Physical Layer TheWire RJ45 Pin-out
18
Physical Layer Fiber Optic

• Multimode
• Distance 2000 Meters
• Low Cost
• Single-mode
• Distance 40000 Meters

19
Physical Layer Wireless

• IEEE 802.11b
• Operates at radio frequencies in the 2.4 to 2.497
  GHz bandwidth
• Data speeds as high as 11 Mbps.
• IEEE 802.11a
• Operates at radio frequencies between 5.15 and
  5.875 GHz.
• Data speeds as high as 54 Mbps
• IEEE 802.11g
• Operates at radio frequencies in the 2.4 GHz to
  2.497 GHz
• Data speeds as high as 54 Mbps
• Can be compatible with 802.11b
• Distance - 300 ft to 1.5 Miles

20
Physical Layer Specifications
21
Term Alert NIC

• Network Interface Card

A computer card containing and Ethernet
controller chip and communications transceivers
able to connect to the wire and talk using
Ethernet rules and format.
Laptop PCMCIA CardIEEE802.3
Desktop NIC CardIEEE802.3u
Desktop NIC CardIEEE802.3
Laptop PCMCIA Card Wireless IEEE802.11
22
Network Addressing Basics
Two Types of Addresses

• MAC (Media Access Control) address
• Also known as the physical or Ethernet address
• What device within a network
• Similar to the VIN number in your car
• IP (Internet protocol) address
• Known as the logical address
• What Network is the device on?
• Similar to the state license plate on your car

23
MAC or Physical Address
Each Device has a uniquePhysical
address Ethernet or MAC Like a car VIN
00-06-5b-1a-48-1b
Diagram from Introduction to Industrial
Ethernet, Part 2 published in Vol 1, Issue 4 of
The Extension by George Thomas of Contemporary
Controls
24
Physical (Ethernet) Address
00-80-a3-13-34-04
48 bit number as 6 bytes
IEEE Registration AuthorityIEEE Standards
Department445 Hoes LanePiscataway NJ
08854-1331Phone [phone]Fax (732)
562-1571
25
IP Internet Protocol Logical Address
Logical Address IP
192.168.1.101
00-06-5b-1a-48-1b
Address Resolution Protocol ARP
Physical address Ethernet or MAC
Diagram from Introduction to Industrial
Ethernet, Part 2 published in Vol 1, Issue 4 of
The Extension by George Thomas of Contemporary
Controls
26
More About IP Addresses
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority 4676
Admiralty Way, Suite 330 Marina del Rey, CA
90292 USA1-310-823-9358 (phone)
1-310-823-8649 (facsimile)www.iana.org
27
The Big 3 IP, Subnet, Gateway
This is the 192.168.10 network
This is the .3 device
IP Address 192.168.10.3 Subnet
Mask 255.255.255.0 Gateway 192.168.10.1
0 means device
255 means network

• 32 bit number shown as 4 bytes (each 0-255 or
  255.255.255.255)
• IP addresses are unique.
• No two machines can have the same IP number.
• IP addresses are global, standardized, and
  controlled
• Need subnet mask to know network vs. host

28
Routing Basics
Routing is the act of moving information across
networks from a source to a destination.
IP Address 192.168.1.101 Subnet Mask
255.255.255.0 Default gateway 192.168.1.1
The Default Gateway contains the address that the
data should be forwarded to if the destination
address is outside the local network.
29
Term Alert ARP
Address Resolution Protocol Resolves a physical
Ethernet address to a Logical Network address.
30
MAC and IP Addressing
Check Network Destination IP 65.203.177.80 Subnet
255.255.255.0 Remote Network 65.203.177.0 Sen
d Packet to Default Gateway 192.168.1.1
192.168.1.1 Arp 08-00-02-06-af-51
Default Gateway 65.203.177.1
Default Gateway 192.168.1.1
Router
65.203.177.1
192.168.1.1
65.203.177.80 Arp 00-a0-c9-82-10-96 Send packet
MAC 00-a0-c9-82-10-96 Dest. IP 65.203.177.80
Check Routes 192.168.1.0 send to
65.203.177.1 65.203.177.0 send to 192.168.1.1
Send Packet to 65.203.177.80
MAC 08-00-02-06-af-51 Dest. IP 65.203.177.80
MAC 00-a0-c9-82-10-96 Dest. IP 65.203.177.80
65.203.177.80
MAC 08-00-02-06-af-51 Dest. IP 65.203.177.80
MAC 00-a0-c9-82-10-96 Dest. IP 65.203.177.80
MAC 08-00-02-06-af-51 Dest. IP 65.203.177.80
192.168.1.3
MAC 08-00-02-06-af-51 Dest. IP 65.203.177.80
65.203.177.81
192.168.1.4
65.203.177.82
192.168.1.5
31
Routable vs. Non-Routable

• Most IP addresses are full internet
• Called routable because they work
• Special addresses for non-routable
• Used on local network
• Cannot directly access the internet
• 10.x.x.x
• 192.168.x.x
• 172.16.x.x

32
Looking at Your Network
winipcfg (W95, W98, ME) ipconfig (NT 4.0, 2000)
33
Looking at Your Network
Pinging to test an IP address
Reply from 65.203.177.86 bytes32 timelt10ms
TTL128
IP Address
Round TripTime
Time To LiveMaximum Hops
Number of bytes transmitted
34
Looking at Your Network
Looking at Your Network
Address Resolution Protocol Resolves a physical
Ethernet address to a Logical Network
address. Type C\arp -a to see your table of
addresses.
35
Tracing Your Internet Trip
tracert www.yahoo.com
1 lt10 ms lt10 ms lt10 ms 10.196.1.1 2
lt10 ms lt10 ms lt10 ms 10.192.10.251 3 lt10
ms lt10 ms 10 ms 65.203.177.25
Round Trip Timefor 3 attempts.
36
Exercises

• Open an MS-DOS Window
• WINIPCFG or IPCONFIG to get information
• Add /all to WINIPCFG or IPCONFIG
• Ping a device on the network
• Ping a bogus IP address
• Run ping with -t option
• Ping your PCs IP address
• ARP a
• Tracert www.google.com

37
Networking Demo with DAQLogger
38
Term Alert DHCP

• Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

Process of automatically assigning an IP address
when a device is connected to a local area
network. Typically used in an office to conserve
IP addresses. DX does not support DHCP. DX is
always connected and other devices such as (FTP
and email servers) expect a constant IP address
from DX.
39
Static vs. Dynamic Addressing
Dynamic IP (DHCP)
Static IP
40
Term Alert DNS

• Domain Name Server

Software running on a host machine that links an
IP address with a name. Allows users to connect
to a device by IP address or by name.
dx200.us.yokogawa.com
Domain names ending with .biz, .com, .info,
.name, .net or .org can be registered through
many different companies (known as "registrars").
41
7 Layer Model TCP/IP UDP
Diagram from Introduction to Industrial
Ethernet, Part 2 published in Vol 1, Issue 4 of
The Extension by George Thomas of Contemporary
Controls
42
Term Alert Packet

• Packet

A single Ethernet message of variable length and
content that moves over the network. Devices on
the network move data one packet at a time. A
packet in Ethernet is like an envelope in
mail. The network does not care what is in the
packet in the same way the postal system does
not care what is in the envelope.
43
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection

• Devices wait until the wire is empty
• Allows two devices to try and talk at the same
  time
• Collisions occur (contention based)
• Has methods to handle collisions
• 802.3 is a broadcast network

CollisionClick Mouse to Continue
Success
44
Term AlertTCP
Transmission Control Protocol
TCP provides Stream data transfer, reliability,
efficient flowcontrol, full-duplex operation and
multiplexing. TCP packets data and insures
reliable transmission of data. TCP is a
connection based communications.
Twelve fields of a TCP Packet
45
Term Alert UDP
User Datagram Protocol
UDP adds no reliability, flow control, or
error-recovery functions to IP. Because of UDPs
simplicity, UDP headers contain fewer bytes and
consume less network overhead than TCP. UDP is a
connectionless based protocol.
Four fields of a UDP Packet
46
Routers, Bridges, and Switches
Router Filters network packets by protocol and
IP (logical) addresses. More expensive
and complex than bridges. Used to make a Wide
Area Network (WAN) Works at network level.
Bridge Connects different networks (i.e.
Ethernet and Fast Ethernet) or two networks of
same type. Filters using Ethernet (physical)
address and works at the data link level.
Switch Works with Ethernet address like a
bridge. Connects multiple LANs giving each one
full 10 Mbps bandwidth. Creates separate
collision domains.
47
Data Flow with a Hub

• Is this a Class A, B, or C network?
• What is the network number?
• Should the hub have an IP address?

Hub
192.168.225.101
LAN
LAN
192.168.225.102
192.168.225.104
192.168.225.103
48
Data Flow with a Switch
192.168.225.102
192.168.225.101
Send Packet
Hub
Switch
Send Reply
49
Term Alert NAT
Network Address Translation enables multiple
computers to communication via the a single IP
address.
192.168.1.2
Router Dynamic NAT
192.168.1.3
69.203.177.85
192.168.1.1
192.168.1.4
175.56.28.03
50
Term Alert Ports
Port numbers are divided into three ranges Well
Known Ports 0 - 1023Registered Ports 1024
- 49151Dynamic and/or Private Ports 49152 -
65535 Ports in an network device are similar to
different doors into a house. A house has one
street address but many doors to enter the house.
A network device has one IP address but many
ports. Ports are used to allow traffic to go
directly to a device and/or application ( i.e.
email to an email server PC or program). Ports
can also be used by firewalls to filter traffic.
51
OSI 7 Layer Model HTTP, FTP SMTP
HTTP, FTP SMTP are Application layer protocols
that enable data to be communicated via a
standard format.
52
Term Alert Web Server

• Web Server

Application software embedded in a network
device that automatically delivers a
pre-formatted screen and data views to a PC when
a browser (Internet Explorer or Netscape)
connects to the device over a network. Uses
software technology like html, JAVA, and
CGI. Provides access with custom software!
53
What is a Web Server ?
PC(10.2.2.1)
DX200 10.2.1.11 /C2 option MB master
54
Term Alert URL
Uniform Resource Locator (URL) The URL is the
address of a resource, or file, available on the
Internet. The URL contains the protocol of the
resource (e.g. http// or ftp//), the domain
name for the resource, and the hierarchical name
for the file (address). For example, a page on
the internet may be at the URL http//www.learntha
t.com/define/u/url.shtml. The beginning part,
http// provides the protocol, the next part
www.learnthat.com is the domain, the main domain
is learnthat.com, while www is a pointer to a
computer or a resource. The rest,
/define/u/url.shtml is the pointer to the
specific file on that server.
55
Demo (Webserver)
56
Term Alert FTP

• File Transfer Protocol

A format and procedure making it easy to
send/receive/view files between devices on
a network. DX uses FTP to automatically send
files to a network server, eliminating need for
manual collection of data files.
57
DXFTP Server, PCFTP Client
PC pulls files
PC(10.2.2.1)
Using an FTP client on the PC, files on DX can be
copied deleted. Internet Explorer has an
embedded FTP client.
Client
Server
58
DXFTP Client, PCFTP Server
PC(10.2.2.1)
Server
Using an FTP server on the PC, DX
will automatically send files to the PC.
DX pushes files
Client
59
Internet Information Services
Setup your PC as an ftp Server

• Internet Information Services (IIS) is the
  Windows
• component that makes it easy to publish
  information and
• bring business applications to the Web. IIS makes
  it easy
• for you to create a strong platform for network
  applications
• and communications.

60
FTP Demo
61
Term Alert SMTP POP3

• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
• Post Office Protocol Version 3

SMTP is a protocol in OSI 7 layer model that
defines format and procedure for a network
device to send email to another device on the
network. POP3 is a protocol that defines how to
retrieve email on the Internet
62
Email Server/Client
PC(10.2.2.1)
Argosoft Mail server
SMTP
POP
DX with SMTP
63
Email Demo
64
Term Alert SNTP

• Simple Network Time Protocol

• Clients access the server at a user defined time
  interval for the current time.

SNTP Server
SNTP Client
SNTP Client
SNTP Client
SNTP Client
65
What is a Wireless Lan?

• A wireless local area network (WLAN) uses radio
  frequency (RF) technology to transmit and receive
  data over the air. The Institute of Electrical
  and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) have established
  the IEEE 802.11 standard, which is the
  predominant standard for wireless LANs. Any LAN
  application, network operating system, or
  protocol including TCP/IP, will run on
  802.11-compliant WLANs as they would over
  Ethernet. WLAN transmits on unlicensed spectrum
  as agreed upon by the major regulatory agencies
  of countries around the world (such as the FCC)
  although there is some variation by country.

66
Wireless Standards

• IEEE 802.11b
• Operates at radio frequencies in the 2.4 to 2.497
  GHz bandwidth
• Data speeds as high as 11 Mbps.
• IEEE 802.11a
• Operates at radio frequencies between 5.15 and
  5.875 GHz.
• Data speeds as high as 54 Mbps
• IEEE 802.11g
• Operates at radio frequencies in the 2.4 GHz to
  2.497 GHz
• Data speeds as high as 54 Mbps
• Can be compatible with 802.11b

67
Wireless Channels

• A channel represents a narrow band of radio
  frequency.
• Each channel will carry a maximum throughput for
  its standard.
• 802.11b and 802.11g standards have a maximum of
  three non-overlapping channels carrying 11 Mbps
  throughput each (33 Mbps total) and 54 Mbps (162
  Mbps total) throughput
• 802.11a has a maximum of eight non-overlapping
  channels carrying 54 Mbps throughput each, or 432
  Mbps total throughput.
• The advantage of 802.11b is that it's the most
  widely deployed wireless LAN technology and
  provides good wall penetration and indoor range.
  The advantage of 802.11a is it provides increased
  network capacity and lower interference with
  other wireless devices than 802.11b.

68
Wireless - Examples

• Adhoc Mode
• Computers can communicates with each other
• Infrastructure Mode
• Each Computer communicates with an Access Point

69
Wireless Security

• SSID Service Set Identifier
• 32-character alphanumeric key uniquely
  identifying a wireless LAN
• Turnoff Broadcasting for more security
• Client MAC Address
• Limit Wireless access to specific MAC Addresses
• Hackers can sniff the network and find the MAC
  Address of a valid client.
• WEP Wired Equivalent Privacy
• 64 bit or 128 bits encryption
• Encrypts each packet of data
• This encryption can be hacked.

70
Term Alert Dial Up Networking

• Dial Up Networking

Software built into Windows 95/98, NT, and
2000 that allows a PC to make a phone connection
to another device via standard phone lines and
modems. Once connected, the two devices
can communicate as if they were physically
connected on the same Ethernet LAN.
71
More on Dial Up Networking

• Standard function in all Microsoft OS platforms

72
Dial-In Networking
DAQSTATION is connected to remote computer. All
software on remote computer runs as if PC
was connected locally.
Remote user wants to make connection to
network using phone lines. Uses dial-up
networking and places call to dial-up router.
DX200
10baseT
Dial up router sees incoming call and prompts for
username and password. Then connects remote
computer to the local area network.
LAN Modem (Dial Up Router)
73
Dial-Out Networking
DAQSTATION initiates auto file transfer and
sends data files via ftp to YCA FTP server
Email and FTP servers at YCA accept
remote connection and allow FTP or email transfer

DAQSTATION initiates alarm email and send SMTP
email to YCA email server
DX200
10baseT
Dial out router sees that FTP or email packet is
not on local network so dials pre-programmed
number to find remote LAN
LAN Modem (Dial Up Router)
74
Dial-Up Demo
75
Term Alert OPC

• OLE for Process Control

A software standard developed by
hardware vendors, software vendors and end users
that specifies a common client/server interface
format between hardware and software.
SCADA/HMI vendors create OPC clients. Hardware
vendors create OPC servers.
76
The OPC Concept
PC Running OPC Server

• Plant Information Management Software
• Yokogawa Exaquantum
• OSI PI
• Aspentech

• SCADA/HMI Software
• Wonderware
• Intellution
• Iconics
• RSView
• Lookout

Ethernet or Serial Interfaces
Other Vendor Devices
77
OPC Demo
78
MODBUS Protocol

• MODBUS, a defacto standard from Modicon
• Three basic types, RTU, ASCII, TCP
• MODBUS TCP is over Ethernet
• MODBUS Plus is an enhanced peer to peer

Modbus TCP is Modbus Protocol encapsulated in a
TCP Packet.
79
MODBUS DX to SLC500
A-B PLC with Prosoft MODBUS card
Daqstation
RS422/485
Modbus provides a common interface
between hardware from multiple products.
80
MODBUS Extended Inputs
DAQSTATION RS422/RS485 Modbus Master Device
DARWIN I/O RS422/485 Modbus Slave Device
101010101
Ethernet
101010101
101010101
30 Analog Inputs via Modbus RS422/485 Serial
30 Analog Inputs
81
MODBUS External Controllers
DAQSTATIONCX RS422/RS485 Modbus Master Device
Ethernet
16 Single Loop Controllers via Modbus RS422/485 Se
rial
82
Terminal/Device Servers
Device Servers enable non-Ethernet ready products
to communicate via Ethernet(TCP/IP).
Virtual Com PortRedirector COM5
192.168.1.33001
Yokogawa Chart Recorder Serial RS422 Interface
Device Server IP Address192.168.1.3
192.168.1.2
83
Foundation Fieldbus
World's First FOUNDATIONTM Fieldbus-Compatible
Recorder DAQSTATION will support the FOUNDATIONTM
Fieldbus that's becoming the bi-directional
digital communication standard for
instrumentation in the 21st century.
The FOUNDATIONTM Fieldbus can ?Dramatically
increase the amount of data transmitted. ?Drastica
lly reduce the wiring costs. ?Support a
multivendor environment. ?Simplify control.
DPharp EJA Digital differential
pressuretransmitter
YEWFLO Vortex flowmeter
?Device type Link master ?Function blocks AI 8
blocks MAI 8 channels ? 1 block MAO 8
channels ? 1 block
YVP Valve positioner
DAQSTATION
YTA Temperature transmitter
ADMAG-AE Electromagnetic flowmeter
84
Fieldbus Applications
85
Fieldbus Applications
86
Fieldbus Applications
87
Additional Resources

• http//kb.us.yokogawa.com
• http//www.us.yokogawa.com/support/events/seminars
  /network/default.htm
• - Copy of PowerPoint
• - PDFs of tutorials and white papers
• - Links to useful sites