Nutrients and Nutrient Requirements

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Nutrients and Nutrient Requirements

• Dr. Hans H Stein
• Swine Nutritionist
• South Dakota State University

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Classes of Nutrients

• Water
• Carbohydrates
• Protein
• Lipids/Fat
• Minerals
• Vitamins

Note Energy is not a nutrient
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Requirements for Pigs

• Water
• Energy
• Amino acids
• Fatty Acids
• Minerals
• Vitamins

Note No requirement for CHO
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Requirements for Pigs

• Water From Water nipple
• Energy From CHO and Fat in Grain
• Fatty Acids From added fat or grain or SBM
• Amino acids From protein in SBM
• Minerals From other feed ingredients
• From Salt, Limestone, DCP, and
  micro-mineral mixture
• Vitamins From other feed ingredients
• and vitamin mixture

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Composition of Feed

• Grain
• (Fat)
• SBM
• Macro Minerals
• Micromin.-mixture
• Vitamin-mixture
• Additives

Complete Feed
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Composition of Feed

• Grain
• (Fat)
• SBM
• Macro Minerals
• Micromin.-mixture
• Vitamin-mixture
• Additives

Added on Farm
Protein Concentrate
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Composition of Feed

• Grain
• (Fat)
• SBM
• Macro Minerals
• Micromin.-mixture
• Vitamin-mixture
• Additives

Added on Farm
Base-Mix
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Composition of Feed

• Grain
• (Fat)
• SBM
• Macro Minerals
• Micromin.-mixture
• Vitamin-mixture
• Additives

Added on Farm
Premix
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Nutrient Requirements
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PIH Fact-sheets on Nutrient Requirements

• PIH 2 Vitamins for swine
• PIH 3 Dietary energy for swine
• PIH 5 Proteins and amino acids for swine
• PIH 7 Balancing swine diets
• PIH 52 Minerals for swine

PIH Pork Industry Handbook
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Requirements for Pigs

• 1. Water
• 2. Energy
• 3. Amino acids
• 4. Fatty Acids
• 5. Minerals
• 6. Vitamins

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1. Requirements for Water

• Under practical conditions, all groups of pigs
  need to have ad libitum access to water 24 h per
  day
• A growing pig will drink approximately 3 liter
  water per kg of feed intake - a lactating sow
  4-5 L
• If temp. is gt 20oC, water intake will increase.

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Requirements for Pigs

• 1. Water
• 2. Energy
• 3. Amino acids
• 4. Fatty Acids
• 5. Minerals
• 6. Vitamins

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2.1 Energy Requirement

• 2.1 Energy Digestibility
• 2.2 Energy Requirement for Maintenance
• 2.3 Energy Requirement for Production
• 2.4 Total Energy Requirement
• 2.5 Energy sources

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2.1.1 Measurement of Energy

• Energy is measured as heat produced upon
  oxidation
• Expressed as calories (cal)
• 1 cal the heat required to increase the
  temperature of 1 g of water from 16.5 to 17.5oC
• The energy of a feed stuff is measured by bomb
  calorimetry

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2.1.2 Different Expressions for Energy

• 1 cal 4.184 joule (J)
• 1000 cal 1 kilocal. (kcal)
• 1000 kcal 1 megacal. (Mcal)
• 1000 J 1 kilojoule (kJ)
• 1000 kJ 1 megajoule (1mJ)
• 1 kJ 239 cal.

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2.1.3 Different Types of Energy
Gross Energy (GE)
Fecal Energy
Digestible Energy (DE)
Energy in urine
Metabolizable energy (ME)
Energy in heat
Net energy (NE)
Maintenance energy
Production energy (PE)
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2.1.4 Energy in Feed Ingredients, Mcal/kg

• GE DE ME NE
• Corn grain 4.4 3.5 3.42 2.4
• Wheat bran 4.5 2.4 2.3 1.4
• Soybean meal 5.5 3.49 3.18 1.9
• Soybean oil 9.4 8.75 8.4 5.4
• DE, ME, and NE values for growing swine

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2.1.5 Energy values are dependent on animal
maturity

• Grow. Pigs Sows
• Wheat 87.5 89.2
• Corn 88.9 91.6
• Peas 80.8 87.1
• SBM 84.5 89.4
• Wheat bran 58.5 64.6

DE of GE
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2.2 Energy Requirement for Maintenance

• The maintenance energy requirement is expressed
  in relation to the size of the pig the
  metabolic bodyweight
• The metabolic bodyweight kg0.75
• For all classes of swine, the maintenance energy
  requirement 106 kcal ME per kg0.75

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2.3 Energy Requirement for Production

• For Growth
• For Milk
• For Fetal Growth
• For Sperm Cells

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2.4.1 Total Energy Requirement

• Req. for maintenance and production
• Under practical conditions, lactating sows and
  growing pigs are fed ad libitum or close to ad
  libitum
• Gestating sows are usually fed approximately 1.5
  times maintenance req.

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2.4.2 Voluntary Feed Intake.

• The voluntary feed intake of a pig is usually
  close to 3 times maintenance requirement or
  slightly higher.

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2.4.3 Recommended Energy Intake

• Pig Wt, Kg ME/day, Mcal Feed/day, kg
• 5-10 1.62 0.5
• 10-20 3.27 1.0
• 20-50 6.10 1.85
• 50-80 8.41 2.58
• 80-120 10.0 3.10

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2.4.3 Recommended Energy intake, cont.

• Animal ME/day, Mcal Feed/day, kg
• Gest. Sows 6.20 1.92
• Lact. Sows 20.9 6.40
• Boar 6.8 2.2

The energy requirement depends on the size of the
animal and on the environmental temperature
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2.5 Major Energy Sources

• Feed ingredient Mcal ME/kg
• Corn 3.42
• Sorghum 3.34
• Soybean meal 3.18
• Fat/oil 8.40
• Wheat Bran 2.28
• Barley 2.91

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Requirements for Pigs

• 1. Water
• 2. Energy
• 3. Amino acids
• 4. Fatty Acids
• 5. Minerals
• 6. Vitamins

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3.1.1 Proteins are build from Amino Acids
Di-peptide
Peptides are build from long or short chains of
amino acids
Tri-peptide
Poly-peptide
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3.1.2 Different Amino Acids

• More than 300 amino acids in nature
• Between 40 and 50 amino acids in the animal body
• Animal proteins are constructed from the same set
  of 20 amino acids
• Some amino acids are modified after incorporation
  into proteins (e.g. by hydroxylation or
  methylation)
• During digestion, proteins are broken down to
  amino acids and small peptides

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3.1.3 Structure of Amino Acids
a-Carbon
COO-
Carboxyl group

H3N
C
H
R
Amino group
Side chain
The side chain is specific for each of the amino
acids
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3.1.4 L- and D- forms of AA
C00- H3N--C--H R
C00- H--C--NH3 R


L- Form (Levorotatory Left)
D- Form (Dextrorotatory Right)
Only L- amino acids are constituents of proteins,
but pigs have the ability to convert the D-form
of some AA but not all - into the L-form
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3.1.5 Structure of a Peptide
H
H


-
-

COO
COO
H3N
H3N
C
C
R
R
H2O
Amino terminal
H
Carboxy terminal
H
H
-
H3N
C
C
COO
C
N
R
R
O
Peptide bond
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3.1.6 Amino Acids in Animal Protein
Semi-dispensable Arginine, ARG Glutamine GLN Prol
ine, PRO
Dispensable Alanine, ALA Asparagine, ASN Aspartat
e, ASP Cysteine, CYS Glutamate, GLU Glycine,
GLY Serine, SER Tyrosine, TYR
In-Dispensable Histidine, HIS Isoleucine,
ILE Leucine, LEU Lysine,
LYS Methionine, MET Phenylalanine,
PHE Threonine, THR Tryptophan,
TRP Valine, VAL
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3.1.7. Main sources of Amino Acids

• Meals of oilseeds
• Soybean meal, Sunflower meal, Canola meal,
  Cottenseed meal
• Animal proteins
• Fish meal, blood meal, meat meal, milk powder
• Synthetic amino acids
• L-Lysine, DL-Methionine, L-Threonine,
  L-Tryptophan

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3.2.1 Amino Acid Requirement

• Requirement for maintenance
• Requirement for production
• Growth
• Milk production
• Fetal production
• Total Requirement

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3.2.2 Total Amino Acid Requirements
Amino acid required in diet
Body weight
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Requirements for Pigs

• 1. Water
• 2. Energy
• 3. Amino acids
• 4. Fatty Acids
• 5. Minerals
• 6. Vitamins

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4. Indispensable Fatty Acids

• Only 2 indispensable fatty acids Linoleic Acid
  (C182) and Linolenic Acid (C183)
• The requirement for each of them is less than
  0.1 of the diet
• In practical diets, there is always more than 0.1
  of both FAs
• We are usually not concerned with indispensable FA

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Requirements for Pigs

• 1. Water
• 2. Energy
• 3. Amino acids
• 4. Fatty Acids
• 5. Minerals
• 6. Vitamins

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Minerals for Swine

• Read PIH 52
• Read Page 7-8 of
• South Dakota-Nebraska
• Nutrition Guide

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5.1 Minerals For Swine The Big Ten
Micro-Minerals Chromium Cobalt Copper Iodine Iron
Manganese Molybdenum Selenium Zinc
Macro-Minerals Calcium Chlorine Magnesium Phosphor
us Potassium Sodium Sulfur
New Minerals Arsenic Boron (Fluorine) Lithium Lead
Nickel Silicon Tin Vanadium
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5.2 Sources of Minerals

• Calcium from Limestone, MCP, or DCP
• Phosphorus from MCP, DCP, or Rock-phosphate
• Sodium and chlorine from Salt (NaCl)
• Micro minerals from sulfate or oxide forms - or
  from chelated forms

In general, only little is known about the
digestibility of different forms of minerals
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5.3 Mineral Recommendations

• Refer to Table 11 and Table 4 of
• South Dakota-Nebraska
• Swine Nutrition Guide

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5.4 Minerals and Pollution

• Excretion is a problem - pollution needs to be
  minimized
• Mineral sources with the highest digestibility
  need to be used
• Phytase may be included in diets
• Over-formulation should be avoided

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5.4 Special Features of Copper and Zinc

• Zinc and copper act as growth-promoters if
  included at 20 to 30 times requirement
• Zinc reduces post weaning diarrhea if included at
  3-5,000 ppm
• Good for the pigs, - good for productivity, - bad
  for the environment
• Elevated copper conc. in soil is toxic to sheep

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Requirements for Pigs

• 1. Water
• 2. Energy
• 3. Amino acids
• 4. Fatty Acids
• 5. Minerals
• 6. Vitamins

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6.1 Vitamins

• Fat soluble vitamins
• Vitamin A
• Vitamin D
• Vitamin E
• Vitamin K

• Water soluble vitamins
• Vitamin B1 (Thiamin)
• Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
• Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
• Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
• Niacin
• Folic Acid
• Pantothenic acid
• Biotin

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6.2 Vitamin Recommendations

• Refer to Table 11 and Table 4 in swine nutrition
  guide
• These levels are minimum levels
• In high producing animals, the requirement may be
  higher
• Vit. E may be included at levels of 60 - 100 IU
  to boost immune system

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6.3 Sources of Vitamins

• Natural feed ingredients
• level often varies and may be destroyed during
  storage
• Synthetic sources added in vitamin premix (see
  Table 5 in swine nutrition guide)