Aerodynamics

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Aerodynamics Flight

• Anseriformes 3 families, 162 species

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Anhimidae -- Screamers
3 S American species
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Anseranatidae Magpie Goose
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Anatidae
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Conservation

• Ducks Unlimited
• 700,000-member wetland conservation organization
• National Audubon Society
• 500,000 members

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Aerodynamics Flight

• Aerodynamics of soaring flight
• Flapping flight
• Wing types
• Types of flight

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THRUST DRAG LIFT WEIGHT
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Primaries mainly thrust
Secondaries mainly lift
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Airfoil
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Bernoullis Principle
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Lift increases with

• Angle of attack
• Surface area
• Air speed squared

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Lift increases with angle of attack
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Larger birds have proportionately smaller wings
and must fly faster

• Speed k M1/6
• 10 kg bird flies 2.2 faster than 0.1 kg bird

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Drag

• Viscous resistance encountered as bird moves
  through the air
• Two types of drag profile and induced
• Profile drag results from air flow over the body,
  reduced by streamlining
• Induced drag more complex

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Induced drag
Wingtip vortex
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C-130
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Magnitude of induced drag depends upon wing
loading and aspect ratio
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Wing loading weight/wing area

• Induced drag is directly proportional to wing
  loading

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Aspect ratio

• Induced drag is inversely related to aspect ratio
• The higher the aspect ratio the lower the flight
  costs

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Aspect ratio wing span/mean chord
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Deflection currents
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Dynamic soaring
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Flapping flight
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