The Homefront WW I

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The Homefront World War I
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World War I Casualties
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War Mobilization
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Enlistment
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The Most Famous Recruitment Poster
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1917 Selective Service Act

• 24,000,000 men registered for the draft by the
  end of 1918.
• 4,800,000 men served in WW1 (2,000,000 saw
  active combat).
• 400,000 African-Americansserved in segregated
  units.
• 15,000 Native-Americans served as scouts,
  messengers, and snipers in non-segregated units.

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Expansion of the Federal Government
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Council of National Defense

• War Industries Board Bernard Baruch
• Food Administration Herbert Hoover
• Railroad Administration William McAdoo
• National War Labor Board W. H.Taft
  Frank P. Walsh

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U. S. Food Administration
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U. S. Food Administration
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National War Garden Commission
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U. S. Shipping Board
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U. S. Fuel Administration
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U. S. Fuel Administration
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Results of This New Organization of the Economy?

1. Unemployment virtually disappeared.
2. Expansion of big government.
3. Excessive govt. regulations in eco.
4. Some gross mismanagement ? overlapping
   jurisdictions.
5. Close cooperation between public and private
   sectors.
6. Unprecedented opportunities for disadvantaged
   groups.

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New Social/Economic Opportunities
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Women
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Munitions Work
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The Girls They Left Behind Do Their Bit!
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Women Used In Recruitment
Hello, Big Boy!
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Even Grandma Buys Liberty Bonds
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The Red Cross - Greatest Mother in the World
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The Red Cross Nurse
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National League for Womans Service
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African-Americans
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Opportunities for African-Americans in WW1

• Great Migration. 1916 1919 ? 70,000
• War industries work.
• Enlistment in segregated units.

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True Sons of Freedom
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African-Americans on a Troop Ship Headed for
France
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New American Immigrants
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The Flag of Liberty Represents All of Us!
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We are ALL Americans!
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United War Work Campaign
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Wartime Propaganda
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The Menace of the Seas
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The 14 Points

• Wilson wanted peace without victory
• He wanted a League of Nations to keep world peace
• The 14 Points more democracy in the world
• Germany and Russia were not invited to the
  negotiations

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The AEF in Action

• March 1918 Last Gasp German Offensive.
  Americans stopped the advance at Chateau-Thierry
• Push the Germans back at Saint-Mihiel
  mid-September

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The Argonne Forest

• September 26, 1918 -The most massive American
  attack in US History to this point
• 600,000 men massed to attack German lines.
• By November German lines are shattered!

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An American Hero

• Sergent Alvin York Tennessee (a conscientious
  objector) killed about 25 Germans and captured
  132 prisoners.
• Wins the Medal of Honor and the French Croix de
  Guerre

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11-11-18

• Armistice declared at the 11th hour of the 11th
  day of the 11th Month.
• A cease fire!! American deaths107,000

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The 14 Points

• I. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at,
  after which there shall be no private
  international understandings of any kind but
  diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the
  public view.
• II. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas,
  outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in
  war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or
  in part by international action for the
  enforcement of international covenants.
• III. The removal, so far as possible, of all
  economic barriers and the establishment of an
  equality of trade conditions among all the
  nations consenting to the peace and associating
  themselves for its maintenance.
• IV. Adequate guarantees given and taken that
  national armaments will be reduced to the lowest
  point consistent with domestic safety.
• V. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial
  adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a
  strict observance of the principle that in
  determining all such questions of sovereignty the
  interests of the populations concerned must have
  equal weight with the equitable claims of the
  government whose title is to be determined.

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The 14 Points

• VI. The evacuation of all Russian territory and
  such a settlement of all questions affecting
  Russia as will secure the best and freest
  cooperation of the other nations of the world in
  obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed
  opportunity for the independent determination of
  her own political development and national policy
  and assure her of a sincere welcome into the
  society of free nations under institutions of her
  own choosing and, more than a welcome,
  assistance also of every kind that she may need
  and may herself desire. The treatment accorded
  Russia by her sister nations in the months to
  come will be the acid test of their good will, of
  their comprehension of her needs as distinguished
  from their own interests, and of their
  intelligent and unselfish sympathy.
• VII. Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be
  evacuated and restored, without any attempt to
  limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common
  with all other free nations. No other single act
  will serve as this will serve to restore
  confidence among the nations in the laws which
  they have themselves set and determined for the
  government of their relations with one another.
  Without this healing act the whole structure and
  validity of international law is forever
  impaired.

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The 14 Points

• VIII. All French territory should be freed and
  the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done
  to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of
  Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of
  the world for nearly fifty years, should be
  righted, in order that peace may once more be
  made secure in the interest of all.
• IX. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy
  should be effected along clearly recognizable
  lines of nationality.
• X. The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place
  among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and
  assured, should be accorded the freest
  opportunity to autonomous development.
• XI. Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be
  evacuated occupied territories restored Serbia
  accorded free and secure access to the sea and
  the relations of the several Balkan states to one
  another determined by friendly counsel along
  historically established lines of allegiance and
  nationality and international guarantees of the
  political and economic independence and
  territorial integrity of the several Balkan
  states should be entered into.

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The 14 Points

• XII. The Turkish portion of the present Ottoman
  Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty,
  but the other nationalities which are now under
  Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted
  security of life and an absolutely unmolested
  opportunity of autonomous development, and the
  Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a
  free passage to the ships and commerce of all
  nations under international guarantees.
• XIII. An independent Polish state should be
  erected which should include the territories
  inhabited by indisputably Polish populations,
  which should be assured a free and secure access
  to the sea, and whose political and economic
  independence and territorial integrity should be
  guaranteed by international covenant.
• XIV. A general association of nations must be
  formed under specific covenants for the purpose
  of affording mutual guarantees of political
  independence and territorial integrity to great
  and small states alike.

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The Treaty of Versailles

• Britain, France, and Italy wanted to punish
  Germany
• Germany had to accept the blame for the war and
  pay heavy reparations

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The Treaty of Versailles

• The Senate refused to ratify the treaty
• Generally some Senators did not want to tied to a
  permanent treaty with Europe
• The killing point was the mutual defense clause
• U.S. will never ratify the Treaty of Versailles

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Territorial Changes As a Result of World War I
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WW 1 Secret Treaties Sykes-Picot Agreement
1916
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Balfour Declaration 1917
November 2nd, 1917 . His
Majestys Government view with favor the
establishment in Palestine of a national home for
the Jewish people, and will use their best
endeavors to facilitate assist the achievement
of this object, it being clearly understood that
nothing shall be done which may prejudice the
civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish
communities in Palestine, or the rights and
political status enjoyed by Jews in any other
country.
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British Palestine Mandate in 1923
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New Nations Territories After WW I
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Attacks on Civil Liberties
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Government Excess Threats to the Civil
Liberties of Americans
1. Espionage Act 1917 - forbade actions
that obstructed recruitment or
efforts to promote insubordination in the
military. - ordered the Postmaster General
to remove Leftist materials from the
mail. - fines of up to 10,000 and/or
up to 20 years in prison.
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Government Excess Threats to the Civil
Liberties of Americans
2. Sedition Act 1918 - it was a crime to
speak against the purchase of war bonds or
willfully utter, print, write or publish any
disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive
language about this form of US Govt., the US
Constitution, or the US armed forces or to
willfully urge, incite, or advocate any
curtailment of production of things
necessary or essential to the prosecution of
the warwith intent of such curtailment to
cripple or hinder, the US in the prosecution
of the war.
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Government Excess Threats to the Civil
Liberties of Americans
3. Schenck v. US 1919 - in ordinary times the
mailing of the leaflets would have been
protected by the 1st Amendment. - BUT,
every act of speech must be judged acc. to
the circumstances in which it was spoken.
-The most stringent protection of free
speech would not protect a man in falsely
shouting fire in a theater and causing a
panic. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes - If an
act of speech posed a clear and present
danger, then Congress had the power to
restrain such speech.
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The Red Scare
What a Year Has Brought Forth NY World
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Red Scare -- Anti-Bolshevism
Put Them Out Keep Them Out Philadelphia
Inquirer
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Government Excess Threats to the Civil
Liberties of Americans
The Red Scare

• 1919 - 3rd. International goal --gt promote
  worldwide communism.
• Attorney General, A. Mitchell Palmer (The Case
  Against the Reds)
• Palmer Raids - 1920

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Red Scare Palmer Raids
A. Mitchell Palmers Home Bombed, 1920