World War I: On the Homefront

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World War I -- America on the Homefront "The
Poster War"
How to fight a war with words, pictures, and
symbols
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War Mobilization
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1. Enlistment
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The Most Famous Recruitment Poster
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Uncle SamHe the Man!
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Dont Mess with the U. S.
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Huns Kill Women and Children!
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The Little Soldier
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World War I American Anthem
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Johnnie get your gun, get your gun, get your
gun,Take it on the run, on the run, on the
run,Hear them calling you and me,Every son of
liberty.Hurry right away, no delay, go
today,Make your daddy glad to have had such
a lad,Tell your sweetheart not to pine,To be
proud her boy's in line.
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Over there, over thereSend the word, send the
word over thereThat the Yanks are coming,
the Yanks are coming,The drums rum-tumming
everywhereSo prepare, say a prayerSend the
word, send the word to bewareWe'll be over,
we're coming over,And we won't come back till
it's over, over there!
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Johnnie get your gun, get your gun, get your
gun,Johnnie show the Hun you're a son of a
gun,Hoist the flag and let her fly,Yankee
Doodle do or die.Pack your little kit, show your
grit, do your bit,Yankees to the ranks from
the towns and the tanks,Make your momma
proud of you And the old Red White and Blue.
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The Spirit of 76
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Over there, over thereSend the word, send the
word over thereThat the Yanks are coming, the
Yanks are coming,The drums rum-tumming
everywhereSo prepare, say a prayerSend the
word, send the word to beware
We'll be over, we're coming over,And we won't
come back till it's over, over there!
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1917 Selective Service Act

• 24,000,000 men registered for the draft by the
  end of 1918.
• 4,800,000 men served in WW1 (2,000,000 saw
  active combat).
• 400,000 African-Americansserved in segregated
  units.
• 15,000 Native-Americans served as scouts,
  messengers, and snipers in non-segregated units.

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2. Expansion of the Federal Government
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Council of National Defense

• War Industries Board Bernard Baruch
• Food Administration Herbert Hoover
• Railroad Administration William McAdoo
• National War Labor Board W. H.Taft
  Frank P. Walsh

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U. S. Food Administration
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U. S. Food Administration
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U. S. Food Administration
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National War Garden Commission
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U. S. School Garden Army
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U. S. Shipping Board
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U. S. Fuel Administration
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U. S. Fuel Administration
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Results of This New Organization of the Economy?

1. Unemployment virtually disappeared.
2. Expansion of big government.
3. Excessive govt. regulations in eco.
4. Some gross mismanagement ? overlapping
   jurisdictions.
5. Close cooperation between public and private
   sectors.
6. Unprecedented opportunities for disadvantaged
   groups.

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New Social/Economic Opportunities
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1. Women
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YWCA The Blue Triangle
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Munitions Work
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The Girls They Left Behind Do Their Bit!
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Women Used In Recruitment
Hello, Big Boy!
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Even Grandma Buys Liberty Bonds
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The Red Cross - Greatest Mother in the World
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The Red Cross Nurse
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National League for Womans Service
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2. African-Americans
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Opportunities for African-Americans in WW1

• Great Migration. 1916 1919 ? 70,000
• War industries work.
• Enlistment in segregated units.

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True Sons of Freedom
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For Colored Men in Service
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African-Americans on a Troop Ship Headed for
France
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Rescuing a Negro During the Race Riots in
Chicago, 1919
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3. New American Immigrants
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The Flag of Liberty Represents All of Us!
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We are ALL Americans!
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United War Work Campaign
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American Committee for Relief in the Near East
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Wartime Propaganda
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The Committee of Public Information (George Creel)

• Americas Propaganda Minister?
• Anti-Germanism.
• Selling American Culture.

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Remember Belgium
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The Mad Brute
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Beat Back the Hun
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The Menace of the Seas
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Creel Commission Film
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Attacks on Civil Liberties
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Government Excess Threats to the Civil
Liberties of Americans
1. Espionage Act 1917 - forbade actions
that obstructed recruitment or
efforts to promote insubordination in the
military. - ordered the Postmaster General
to remove Leftist materials from the
mail. - fines of up to 10,000 and/or
up to 20 years in prison.
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Government Excess Threats to the Civil
Liberties of Americans
2. Sedition Act 1918 - it was a crime to
speak against the purchase of war bonds or
willfully utter, print, write or publish any
disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive
language about this form of US Govt., the US
Constitution, or the US armed forces or to
willfully urge, incite, or advocate any
curtailment of production of things
necessary or essential to the prosecution of
the warwith intent of such curtailment to
cripple or hinder, the US in the prosecution
of the war.
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Government Excess Threats to the Civil
Liberties of Americans
3. Schenck v. US 1919 - in ordinary times the
mailing of the leaflets would have been
protected by the 1st Amendment. - BUT,
every act of speech must be judged acc. to
the circumstances in which it was spoken.
-The most stringent protection of free
speech would not protect a man in falsely
shouting fire in a theater and causing a
panic. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes - If an
act of speech posed a clear and present
danger, then Congress had the power to
restrain such speech.
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Government Excess Threats to the Civil
Liberties of Americans
4. Abrams v. US 1919 - majority ruling --gt
cited Holmes Clear and present danger
doctrine. - Holmes Brandeis dissented
The best test of truth is the power of
the thought to get itself accepted in
the competition of the market, denying
that a silly leaflet published by an
unknown man constituted such a
danger.
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Government Excess Threats to the Civil
Liberties of Americans

• 5. Post-war labor unrest
• Coal Miners Strike of 1919.
• Steel Strike of 1919.
• Boston Police Strike of 1919.

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Anti-Labor
If Capital Labor Dont Pull Together
Chicago Tribune
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Consequences of Labor Unrest
While We Rock the Boat Washington Times
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Coal Miners Strike - 1919
Keeping Warm Los Angeles Times
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Steel Strike - 1919
Coming Out of the Smoke New York World
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The Red Scare
What a Year Has Brought Forth NY World
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Red Scare -- Anti-Bolshevism
Put Them Out Keep Them Out Philadelphia
Inquirer
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Boston Police Strike - 1919
He gives aid comfort to the enemies of
society Chicago Tribune
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Boston Police Strike - 1919
Striking Back New York Evening World
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Government Excess Threats to the Civil
Liberties of Americans
6. The Red Scare

• 1919 - 3rd. International goal --gt promote
  worldwide communism.
• Attorney General, A. Mitchell Palmer (The Case
  Against the Reds)
• Palmer Raids - 1920

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Congressman Victor Berger (WI)
You got nothing out of the war except the flu and
Prohibition.
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Red Scare Palmer Raids
Police Arrest Suspected Reds in Chicago, 1920
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Red Scare Palmer Raids
A. Mitchell Palmers Home Bombed, 1920
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The 1920 Election