????? ????????: )Landis D.A

1
???? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????????????
???????? ????????? ??????

• ???? ??????? ?"? ??? ?????
• ???? ?????? ?"? ??? ????
• ??? ??? ?????
• ?.? 040802837
• ???, 2008

2
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• ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????-?????? ????????
  ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????
  ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ???? ?? ???????.

3
????? ????????)Landis D.A Orr D.B. 2007(

• ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????
  ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????
  ?????-????.
• ?????? ???, ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????
  ??????? ???-????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????
  ?????? ???????.
• ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????
  ?????? ????????, ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????
  ????? ????.

4
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• ?????? ????, ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????
  ??????? ???????, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????
  ?????? ?????? ???????.
• ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????????
  ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????, ???? ????
  ????????, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????.
  

5
?????? ?????? - ????????

• ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????
  ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???
  ??????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??
  ????? ??? ???, ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????
  ?????? ??????? ?"? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????.

6
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• ????? ??? ???????
• ???? 3 ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????
• ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????.
• ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? (??????? ??????,
  ????).
• ????? ?????? ??????.
• (Landis D.A, Orr D.B. 2007)

7
??????? ??????? ??????

• ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????
  ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????.
• ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????????, ??????
  ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????????, ??
  ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????.
• (Hanna, et al, 2003)

8
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• ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????.
• ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????.
• ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????
  ????, ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??????, ???
  ?????? ????? ??????.
• (??, 2006)

9
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• ?"? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????
  ???? ???? ??????? ?????
• ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????
  ???????.
• ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????
  ?? ???, ???? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????
  ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ???
  ??????? ?? ?????.
• ???????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??
  ???????.
• ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????
  ????? ????? ????? ?????.

10
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• ????? ?????? ???????, ??????? ??????,
  ??????-??????, ??????? ????? ????, ???? ????
  ??????? ?????? ?????? ????. ????? ?????? ??????
  ?????? ????????? ???? ????, ?????, ??? ???? ??
  ??????.
• ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????
  ?????? ????? ????.

11
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• ????? ?????? ???? ????, ??? ???? ????.
• ???? ???? ????? ??? ????, ?- 12 ?"? ????? ?????.
• ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????
  ????, ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????.

12
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???? 1

• ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?' ??? ???????
  ?????.
• ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????, ???? ???? ???????.
• ????? ??? ?????? ??? 3.05 ???.

13
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• ????? ?? ????? ???? ?' ????.
• ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????
• ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???????.
• ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?"? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??.
• ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??
  ????? ???? ????? ????, ??? ?????? ????? 1. ??????
  ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??
  ?????, ????.

14
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• ???????
• ??"? 40 ??????? ????? ????? ?' ???? ?-40 ???????
  ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?'.
• ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? 500 ?"?.
• ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????
• ??? ????? ????? 5 ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????
  ?????? 10 ???????. ???? ??? ????? 50 ??? ????
  ????? ????? ????? ?????? 10 ??????? ?????? ?????
  ?????.
• ??? ??-????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????
  ?????.
• ??? ???? 2 ??????? ???? ?????? ????????

15
???? 2
16
????? ?????

• ????? ???????? ?????? ????
• ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? 10 ????.
  ????? ?? ????? ???, ?? ?????? ????.
• ????? ??? ??????? (5 ??? ?-50 ???) ???? ?? ????
  ?????? ?? ????????.
• ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????
  ??????? ???? 5 ????.

17
????? ?????? ??????? ?????????

• ???? ??-?????? Kruskal-Wallis
• ????? 3 ?????? ???????
• 1 ???? ??? ??-??????.
• 2 ???? ??? ??????.
• 3 ????? ????? ????? ????.
• ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? (??? ??? ?????
  ?????? ????? ??? ??-????? ?????? ?????). ???
  ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????.
• ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????
  ???? ??? ????? ???? (5 ??? ?-50 ???) ?? ??????
  ???????????.

18
????? ?????? ??????? ?????????
????

• ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????
  ????? ?? ??????? (Gnaphosidae, Philodromidae,
  Lycosidae) ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????
  ?????? ???? ??????? ????-??????.
• ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??
  ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????
  ????? ???????? ?????? ??????.
• ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????
  (Tenebrionidae) ???? ????????? ?????? ??????
  ?????? ???? ??????? ????-??????.
• ????? ???? ??? ?????-?????? ????????? ?????? ????
  ?????? ??????? ??????.

19
??????
??? 1
20
??????

• ??? ??? ???? 1, ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????
  ???? ???? ??
• Araneae (????????),
• Coleoptera (????????),
• Isopoda (????-??????, ??-???? ???????????).
• ?????? Homoptera ,Heteroptera ????? ? 2 ????
  ??????????? ??????, ??? ?????? ??????? ????????
  ???? ??????.

21
??????
????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????
??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????
???-??????. ??, ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????.
??? 2
22
??????
??? 3
????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????
???????? ???? ????? ???? ???-?????? ???????
?????? ?????? ????. ???? ?????? ??????
Tenebrionidae ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????
?????? (22 ?????).
23
??????
??? 4
???? ?????-?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????
??????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ????? ???? ???
????? ??? ????. ????? ???? ???????, ????? ???????
??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????????.
24
???? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????
?????

• ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???, ??? ???????
  ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????
  ?? ??? ????? ??????, ?????? ?????, ???? ???
  ?????? ??????? ?????? (????, ?????, ???, 2006).
• ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????
  ?????-????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????
  ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? (Hanna,
  et al, 2003).

25
???? ???????

• ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????
  ???? ??? ?????? ??????, ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????
  ????? ???? ???? (??? ???? 2).
• ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????
  ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????
  ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????. ?????
  ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? Lycosidae.
• ?????? Philodromidae ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????
  ???? ???-??????. ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????
  ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????
  ????, ?????, ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? (Levy, 1977).
• ????? Philodromidae ?????? ???? ????? ????
  (Roberts, 1995).
• ????? ??? ?? ???? ?- Lycosidae ????? ???? ???????
  ????? ???? ???????, ?????, ??? ?? ???? ????????
  ?????? Philodromidae ?- Thomisidae ???? ??????
  ????? ???? ???-?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????
  ??????? ??????? ?? ?- Lycosidae .

26
???? ???????

• ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????
  Gnaphosidae ??? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????
  ???????? ????? ????? (Levy, 1995).
• ???? ???? 2 ???? ????? ???? ????, ?????, ?? ?????
  ?????? ????? ???? ???????, ???-?????? ???????
  ??????.
• ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????
  ????? ????? ??? ?????-?????.

27
???? ???????

• ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????
• ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?"? ????? ??
  ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ?????? ?????
  ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????-???
  ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????
  (Nicholls, et al, 2000).
• ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????
  ????? ????? ?"? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????
  ????. ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????
  ??????? (Costello Daane, 1995, 1998a).
• ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????
  ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????. ????? ????, ????
  ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????,
  ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??
  ???? ???? ??????? (Costello Daane, 1998b).

28
???? ???????

• ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????-??????
• ???? ???? 4 ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????-??????? ???
  ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???-??????.
• ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????
  ?????? ?? ?????-??????? ????????? ???? ???-?????
  ???? ?? ??????? ??????.
• ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??????
  ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????
  ?????? ??, ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????
  ???? ????.

29
???? ???????

• ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????
• ???? ???? 3 ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????
  Tenebrionidae ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???????
  ??????? ??????.
• ????? ???? ???-?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????
  ?????? ??.
• ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????
  ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????
  ?????? ??????.
• ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????
  ??????.
• ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????-?????,
  ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????
  ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????.
• ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????
  ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????
  ?????? ????.

30
???? ???????

• ?????
• ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???????
  ??????? ?????? ????? ??????.
• ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? (????).
  
• ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??
  ????? ???????, ????? ?? ?? ???????? ???????
  ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???????, ???
  ?????? ?????? ??????.
• ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ????????
  ??????? ???????.
• ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????
  ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???????
  ???? ?????, ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????
  ??????.
• (??, 2006).

31
?????

• ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?"?
  ??? ?????, ???? ?????????
• ?????? ?????.
• ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???
  ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?"? ????.
• ???? ?????, ??? ????, ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????
  ????? ????.

32
???????????

• ???, ?., ?????, ?., ???, ?., ?????? 2006. ?????
  ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????
  ???????. ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????
  ???????? ????????. ??? 9 ???? 34-36.
• ??, ?. ???? 2006. ??? ???????? ?????. ??????
  ?'????????. ???? 32.
• ???, ?. 1985. ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????. ??? 2
  ???? ?????? ???????.
• ?????????, ?., ????, ?., 2001. ????????
  ???????? ???????? ????????. ????, ???????, ??'
  672-674.
• ?????, ?. 1989. ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????. ??? 3
  ?????.

33
??????????? (????)

• Costello, M.J., Daane, K.M. 1995. Spider
  (Araneae) species composition and seasonal
  abundance in San Joaquin valley grape vineyard.
  Environ. Entomol. 24 823-831.
• Costello, M.J., Daane, K.M. 1998a. Influence of
  ground covers on spider (Araneae) populations in
  a table grape vineyard. Ecol. Entomol. 23 33-40.
• Costello, M.J., Daane, K.M. 1998b. Can cover
  crops reduce leafhopper abundance in vineyard?
  California Agriculture. 52 27-33.
• Doutt, R.J., Nakata, J. 1973. The Rubus
  leafhopper and its egg parasitoid an endemic
  biotic system useful in grape pest management.
  Environ. Entomology. 3 381-386.
• Hanna, R., Zalom, F.G., Roltsch, W.J., 2003.
  Relative impact of spider predation and cover
  crop on population dynamics of Erythroneura
  variabilis in a raisin grape vineyard. The
  Netherlands Entomological Society, 107 177-191.

34
??????????? (????)

• Landis, D.A. Orr, D.B. 2007. Biological
  control Approaches and applications. In
  Radcliffe's IPM World Textbook. Retrieved from
  http//ipmworld.umn.edu/chapters/landis.htm
  (June, 2007).
• Levy, G. 1977. Philodromidae Spiders of Israel.
  Isr. J. Zoo. Vol. 26 194-229.
• Levy, G. 1995. Gnaphosid Spiders from Israel.
  Journal of Natural History. Vol. 29 919-981.
• Lubin, Y, 2006. Spiders as Generalist Predators
  A Dry land Agro ecosystem Perspective.
  Phytoparasitica 344, 327-329.
• Nicholls, C.I., Parrella, M.P., Altieri, M.A.
  2000. Reducing the abundance of leafhoppers and
  thrips in a northern California organic vineyard
  through maintenance of full season floral
  diversity with summer cover crops. Agricultural
  and Forest Entomology. Vol. 2 107-113.

35
??????????? (????)

• Nyffeler, M. Sunderland K.D., 2002.
  Composition, abundance and pest control potential
  of spider communities in agroecosystems a
  comparison of European and US studies.
  Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 95 (2003)
  579-612.
• Roberts, M.J. 1995. Spiders of Britain and
  Northern Europe.
• Schmidt, M.H., Tscharntke. T. 2005. The role of
  perennial habitats for Central European farmland
  spiders. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
  105235-242.