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Title: MANAGEMENT of


1
MANAGEMENT of INFORMATION SECURITY Second Edition
2
Learning Objectives
  • Upon completion of this chapter, you should be
    able to
  • Understand basic project management
  • Apply project management principles to an
    information security program
  • Evaluate available project management tools

3
Introduction
  • Information security is a process, not a project
    however, each element of an information security
    program must be managed as a project, even if it
    is an ongoing one since information security is a
    continuous series, or chain, of projects
  • Some aspects of information security are not
    project based rather, they are managed processes
    (operations)
  • Employers are seeking individuals that couple
    their information security focus and skills with
    strong project management skills

4
Figure 12-1Position Posting
5
Figure 12-2The Information Security Program Chain
6
Project Management
  • The Guide to the Project Management Body of
    Knowledge defines project management as
  • The application of knowledge, skills, tools, and
    techniques to project activities to meet project
    requirements
  • Project management is accomplished through the
    use of processes such as initiating, planning,
    executing, controlling, and closing
  • Project management involves the temporary
    assemblage resources to complete a project
  • Some projects are iterative, and occur regularly

7
Project Management (continued)
  • Benefits for organizations that make project
    management skills a priority include
  • Implementation of a methodology
  • Improved planning
  • Less ambiguity about roles
  • Simplified project monitoring
  • Early identification of deviations in quality,
    time, or budget
  • In general, a project is deemed a success when
  • It is completed on time or early as compared to
    the baseline project plan
  • It comes in at or below the expenditures planned
    for in the baseline budget
  • It meets all specifications as outlined in the
    approved project definition, and the deliverables
    are accepted by the end user and/or assigning
    entity

8
Applying Project Management to Security
  • In order to apply project management to
    information security, you must first identify an
    established project management methodology
  • While other project management approaches exist,
    the PMBoK is considered the industry best practice

9
Table 12-1PMBoK Knowledge Areas
10
Table 12-1PMBoK Knowledge Areas (continued)
11
Project Integration Management
  • Project integration management includes the
    processes required to ensure that effective
    coordination occurs within and between the
    projects many components, including personnel
  • The major elements of the project management
    effort that require integration include
  • Development of the initial project plan
  • Monitoring of progress as the project plan is
    executed
  • Control of the revisions to the project plan
  • Control of the changes made to resource
    allocations as measured performance causes
    adjustments to the project plan

12
Project Plan Development
  • Project plan development is the process of
    integrating all of the project elements into a
    cohesive plan with the goal of completing the
    project within the allotted work time, using no
    more than the allotted project resources
  • These three elementswork time, resources, and
    project deliverablesare core components used in
    the creation of the project plan
  • Changing any one element usually affects the
    accuracy and reliability of the estimates of the
    other two, and likely means that the project plan
    must be revised

13
Figure 12-3Project Plan Inputs
14
Project Plan Development (continued)
  • When integrating the disparate elements of a
    complex information security project,
    complications are likely to arise
  • Among these complications are
  • Conflicts among communities of interest
  • Far-reaching impact
  • New technology

15
Project Scope Management
  • Project scope management ensures that the project
    plan includes only those activities necessary to
    complete it
  • Scope is the quantity or quality of project
    deliverables expanding from the original plan
  • Includes
  • Initiation
  • Scope planning
  • Scope definition
  • Scope verification
  • Scope change control

16
Project Time Management
  • Project time management ensures that the project
    is finished by the identified completion date
    while meeting objectives
  • The failure to meet project deadlines is among
    the most frequently cited failures in project
    management
  • Many missed deadlines are rooted in poor planning
  • Includes the following processes
  • Activity definition
  • Activity sequencing
  • Activity duration estimating
  • Schedule development
  • Schedule control

17
Project Cost Management
  • Project cost management ensures that a project is
    completed within the resource constraints
  • Some projects are planned using only a financial
    budget from which all resources must be procured
  • Includes the following processes
  • Resource planning
  • Cost estimating
  • Cost budgeting
  • Cost control

18
Project Quality Management
  • Project quality management ensures that the
    project adequately meets project specifications
  • If project deliverables meet requirements
    specified in the project plan, the project has
    met its quality objective
  • A good plan defines project deliverables in
    unambiguous terms against which actual results
    are easily compared
  • Includes
  • Quality planning
  • Quality assurance
  • Quality control

19
Project Human Resource Management
  • Project human resource management ensures
    personnel assigned to project are effectively
    employed
  • Staffing a project requires careful estimates of
    effort required
  • In information security projects, human resource
    management has unique complexities, including
  • Extended clearances
  • Deploying technology new to the organization
  • Includes
  • Organizational planning
  • Staff acquisition
  • Team development

20
Project Communications Management
  • Project communications conveys details of
    activities associated with the project to all
    involved
  • Includes the creation, distribution,
    classification, storage, and ultimately
    destruction of documents, messages, and other
    associated project information
  • Includes
  • Communications planning
  • Information distribution
  • Performance reporting
  • Administrative closure

21
Project Risk Management
  • Project risk management assesses, mitigates,
    manages, and reduces the impact of adverse
    occurrences on the project
  • Information security projects do face risks that
    may be different from other types of projects
  • Includes
  • Risk identification
  • Risk quantification
  • Risk response development
  • Risk response control

22
Project Procurement Management
  • Project procurement acquires needed resources to
    complete the project
  • Depending on common practices of organization,
    project managers may simply requisition resources
    from organization, or they may have to purchase
  • Includes
  • Procurement planning
  • Solicitation planning
  • Solicitation
  • Source selection
  • Contract administration
  • Contract closeout

23
Additional Project Planning Considerations
  • Financial considerations
  • Regardless of the information security needs
    within the organization, the effort that can be
    expended depends on the funds available
  • Priority considerations
  • In general, the most important information
    security controls in the project plan should be
    scheduled first
  • Time and scheduling considerations
  • Time can affect a project plan at dozens of
    points in its development

24
Additional Project Planning Considerations
(continued)
  • Staffing considerations
  • The lack of qualified, trained, and available
    personnel also constrains the project plan
  • Scope considerations
  • In addition to the difficulty of handling so many
    complex tasks at one time, there are interrelated
    conflicts between the installation of information
    security controls and the daily operations of the
    organization
  • Organizational feasibility considerations
  • Another consideration is the ability of the
    organization to adapt to change

25
Additional Project Planning Considerations
(continued)
  • Procurement considerations
  • There are a number of constraints on the
    selection process of equipment and services in
    most organizations, specifically in the selection
    of certain service vendors or products from
    manufacturers and suppliers
  • Training and indoctrination considerations
  • The size of the organization and the normal
    conduct of business may preclude a single large
    training program covering new security procedures
    or technologies

26
Additional Project Planning Considerations
(continued)
  • Technology governance and change control
    considerations
  • Technology governance is a complex process that
    organizations use to manage the effects and costs
    of technology implementation, innovation, and
    obsolescence
  • By managing the process of change, the
    organization can
  • Improve communication about change across the
    organization
  • Enhance coordination among groups within the
    organization as change is scheduled and completed

27
Additional Project Planning Considerations
(continued)
  • By managing the process of change, the
    organization can (continued)
  • Reduce unintended consequences by having a
    process to resolve potential conflicts and
    disruptions that uncoordinated change can
    introduce
  • Improve quality of service as potential failures
    are eliminated and groups work together
  • Assure management that all groups are complying
    with the organizations policies regarding
    technology governance, procurement, accounting,
    and information security

28
Controlling the Project
  • Once a project plan has been defined and all of
    the preparatory actions are complete, the project
    gets underway
  • Supervising implementation
  • The optimal approach is usually to designate a
    suitable person from the information security
    community of interest, because the focus is on
    the information security needs of the organization

29
Executing the Plan
  • Once a project is underway, it is managed using a
    process known as a negative feedback loop or
    cybernetic loop, which ensures that progress is
    measured periodically
  • Corrective action is required in two basic
    situations the estimate is flawed or performance
    has lagged
  • When an estimate is flawed, as when an incorrect
    estimate of effort-hours is made, the plan should
    be corrected and downstream tasks should be
    updated to reflect the change
  • When performance has lagged, correction is
    accomplished by adding resources, lengthening the
    schedule, or reducing the quality or quantity of
    the deliverable

30
Figure 12-4Negative Feedback Loop
31
Executing the Plan
  • Often a project manager can adjust one of the
    three following planning parameters for the task
    being corrected
  • Effort and money allocated
  • Elapsed time or scheduling impact
  • Quality or quantity of the deliverable

32
Wrap-Up
  • Project wrap-up is usually a procedural task
    assigned to a mid-level IT or information
    security manager
  • These managers collect documentation, finalize
    status reports, and deliver a final report and a
    presentation at a wrap-up meeting
  • The goal of the wrap-up is to resolve any pending
    issues, critique the overall effort, and draw
    conclusions about how to improve the process in
    future projects

33
Conversion Strategies
  • Direct changeover also known as going cold
    turkey, a direct changeover involves stopping
    the old method and beginning the new
  • Phased implementation is the most common approach
    and involves rolling out a piece of the system
    across the entire organization
  • Pilot implementation involves implementing all
    security improvements in a single office,
    department, or division, and resolving issues
    within that group before expanding to the rest of
    the organization
  • Parallel operation involves running the new
    methods alongside the old methods

34
To Outsource or Not
  • Just as some organizations outsource part of or
    all of their IT operations, so too can
    organizations outsource part of or all of their
    information security programs, especially
    developmental projects
  • The expense and time it takes to develop
    effective information security project management
    skills may be beyond the reachas well as the
    needsof some organizations, and it is in their
    best interest to hire competent professional
    services
  • Because of the complex nature of outsourcing,
    organizations should hire the best available
    specialists, and then obtain capable legal
    counsel to negotiate and verify the legal and
    technical intricacies of the contract

35
Dealing with Change
  • The prospect of change can cause employees to be
    unconsciously or consciously resistant
  • By understanding and applying change management,
    you can lower the resistance to change, and even
    build resilience for change
  • One of the oldest models of change management is
    the Lewin change model, which consists of
  • Unfreezing - the thawing of hard and fast habits
    and established procedures
  • Moving - the transition between the old and new
    ways
  • Refreezing - the integration of the new methods
    into the organizational culture

36
Unfreezing Phases
  • Disconfirmation
  • Induction of survival guilt or survival anxiety
  • Creation of psychological safety or overcoming
    learning anxiety

37
Moving Phases
  • Cognitive redefinition
  • Imitation and positive or defensive
    identification with a role model
  • Scanning (also called insight, or trial-and-error
    learning)

38
Refreezing
  • Personal refreezing occurs when each individual
    employee comes to an understanding that the new
    way of doing things is the best way
  • Relational refreezing occurs when a group comes
    to a similar decision

39
Considerations for Organizational Change
  • Steps can be taken to make an organization more
    amenable to change
  • Reducing resistance to change from the start
  • Communication is the first and most crucial step
  • The updates should also educate employees on
    exactly how the proposed changes will affect
    them, both individually and across the
    organization
  • Involvement means getting key representatives
    from user groups to serve as members of the
    process

40
Developing a Culture that Supports Change
  • An ideal organization fosters resilience to
    change
  • This resilience means the organization accepts
    that change is a necessary part of the culture,
    and that embracing change is more productive than
    fighting it
  • To develop such a culture, the organization must
    successfully accomplish many projects that
    require change
  • A resilient culture can be either cultivated or
    undermined by managements approach

41
Project Management Tools
  • There are many tools that support the management
    of the diverse resources in complex projects
  • Most project managers combine software tools that
    implement one or more of the dominant modeling
    approaches
  • The most successful project managers gain
    sufficient skill and experience to earn a
    certificate in project management
  • The Project Management Institute (PMI) is project
    managements leading global professional
    association, and sponsors two certificate
    programs
  • The Project Management Professional (PMP)
  • Certified Associate in Project Management (CAPM)

42
Project Management Tools (continued)
  • Most project managers engaged in the execution of
    project plans that are nontrivial in scope use
    tools to facilitate scheduling and execution of
    the project
  • Using complex project management tools often
    results in a complication called projectitis,
    which occurs when the project manager spends more
    time documenting project tasks, collecting
    performance measurements, recording project task
    information, and updating project completion
    forecasts than accomplishing meaningful project
    work
  • The development of an overly elegant,
    microscopically detailed plan before gaining
    consensus for the work and related coordinated
    activities that it requires may be a precursor to
    projectitis

43
Work Breakdown Structure
  • A project plan can be created using a very simple
    planning tool, such as the work breakdown
    structure (WBS)
  • In the WBS approach, the project plan is first
    broken down into a few major tasks
  • Each of these major tasks is placed on the WBS
    task list

44
Work Breakdown Structure (continued)
  • The minimum attributes that should be determined
    for each task are
  • The work to be accomplished (activities and
    deliverables)
  • Estimated amount of effort required for
    completion in hours or workdays
  • The common or specialty skills needed to perform
    the task
  • Task interdependencies

45
Work Breakdown Structure (continued)
  • As the project plan develops, additional
    attributes can be added, including
  • Estimated capital expenses for the task
  • Estimated noncapital expenses for the task
  • Task assignment according to specific skills
  • Start and end dates
  • Work to be accomplished
  • Amount of effort
  • Skill sets/human resources
  • Task dependencies

46
Work Phase
  • Once the project manager has completed the WBS by
    breaking tasks into subtasks, estimating effort,
    and forecasting the necessary resources, the work
    phaseduring which the project deliverables are
    preparedmay begin

47
Table 12-2Early Draft WBS
48
Table 12-2Early Draft WBS (continued)
49
Table 12-3Later Draft WBS
50
Task-Sequencing Approaches
  • Once a project reaches even a relatively modest
    size, say a few dozen tasks, there can be almost
    innumerable possibilities for task assignment and
    scheduling
  • A number of approaches are available to assist
    the project manager in this sequencing effort

51
Network Scheduling
  • One method for sequencing tasks and subtasks in a
    project plan is known as network scheduling
  • Network refers to the web of possible pathways to
    project completion from the beginning task to the
    ending task

52
Figure 12-5Simple Network Dependency
53
Figure 12-6Complex Network Dependency
54
Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
  • PERT, the most popular networking dependency
    diagramming techniques, was originally developed
    in the late 1950s to meet the needs of rapidly
    expanding government-driven engineering projects
  • About the same time, a similar project, called
    the Critical Path Method, was being developed in
    industry
  • It is possible to take a very complex operation
    and diagram it in PERT if you can answer three
    key questions about each activity
  • How long will this activity take?
  • What activity occurs immediately before this
    activity can take place?
  • What activity occurs immediately after this
    activity?

55
Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
(continued)
  • By determining the path through the various
    activities, you can determine the critical path
  • As each possible path through the project is
    analyzed, the difference in time between the
    critical path and any other path is the slack
    time
  • An indication of how much time is available for
    starting a noncritical task without delaying the
    project as a whole
  • Should a delay be introduced, due to poor
    estimation of time, unexpected events, or the
    need to reassign resources to other paths such as
    the critical path, the tasks with slack time are
    the logical candidates for delay

56
PERT Advantages
  • There are several advantages to the PERT method
  • Makes planning large projects easier by
    facilitating the identification of pre- and
    post-activities
  • Allows planning to determine the probability of
    meeting requirements
  • Anticipates the impact of changes on the system
  • Presents information in a straightforward format
    that both technical and nontechnical managers can
    understand and refer to in planning discussions
  • Requires no formal training

57
PERT Disadvantages
  • Disadvantages of the PERT method include
  • Diagrams can become awkward and cumbersome,
    especially in very large projects
  • Diagrams can become expensive to develop and
    maintain, due to the complexities of some project
    development processes
  • Can be difficult to place an accurate time to
    complete on some tasks, especially in the
    initial construction of a project inaccurate
    estimates invalidate any close critical path
    calculations

58
Figure 12-7PERT Example
59
Gantt Chart
  • Another popular project management tool is the
    bar or Gantt chart, named for Henry Gantt, who
    developed this method in the early 1900s
  • Like network diagrams, Gantt charts are easy to
    read and understand, and thus easy to present to
    management
  • These simple bar charts are even easier to design
    and implement than the PERT diagrams, and yield
    much of the same information
  • The Gantt chart lists activities on the vertical
    axis of a bar chart, and provides a simple time
    line on the horizontal axis

60
Figure 12-8Project Gantt Chart
61
Automated Project Tools
  • Microsoft Project is a widely used project
    management tool
  • If youre considering using an automated project
    management tool, keep the following in mind
  • A software program cannot take the place of a
    skilled and experienced project manager who
    understands how to define tasks, allocate scarce
    resources, and manage the resources that are
    assigned
  • A software tool can get in the way of the work
  • Choose a tool that you can use effectively

62
Summary
  • Introduction
  • Project Management
  • Applying Project Management to Security
  • Project Management Tools
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