1.

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Lesson 1

• 1. Austria-Hungary feared that the Slavic people
  living within its borders would want to become
  part of the Serbian state instead.
• 2. Germany supported its ally, Austria-Hungary,
  and Russia supported its ally, Serbia. The
  Schlieffen Plan dictated that Germany invade
  France, and in response Great Britain declared
  war on Germany. The Triple Alliance and the
  Triple Entente thus increased the likelihood of
  war.

2
Lesson 2

• 3. On the Western Front, trench warfare brought
  the war to a standstill. Neither side could gain
  ground. On the Eastern Front, it was a war of
  movement in which Germany defeated Russia.
• 4. They were looking for reinforcements and for
  new sources of money. The Triple Alliance, or the
  Central Powers, gained the Ottoman Empire and
  Bulgaria. Italy left and joined the Triple
  Entente, or the Allied Powers, with Japan,
  Britain's colonies, and the United States.

3
Lesson 3

• 5. World War I exposed the Russian leaders'
  military ineptitude. The czar made numerous
  military and economic mistakes until even the
  aristocrats lost faith in him. People also
  distrusted his advisor Rasputin. Widespread
  rioting in Petrograd led the Duma to push the
  czar out and establish a provisional government,
  but that government continued to support the war,
  which caused the Russian people to turn against
  it. Also, the soviets (councils of workers,
  peasants, and soldiers) gained power and
  challenged the new government.
• 6. Students' answers should show an understanding
  of the factions vying for control of Russia and
  of Lenin's influence. Students may say that the
  Congress of Soviets would have acquired power.
  Russia would have a socialist government or
  democratic leadership.

4
Lesson 4

• 7. Germany gambled on a major offensive on the
  Western Front but lost crucial battles. Germany
  prepared to surrender, but the Allies would not
  deal with its imperial government, so Emperor
  William II abdicated. Germany formed a new
  government, a democratic republic, and signed the
  armistice on November 11, 1918.
• 8. Germany objected to the fact that Article 231
  put all the blame for the war on it and required
  it to pay the Allied countries for all their
  losses. A country that has been humiliated is
  likely to resent its losses and decide to win
  everything back.

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21st Century Skills

• 9. The war involved a complete mobilization of
  resources and people. Nations set up planned
  economies. Governments rationed food and set up
  price, wage, and rent controls.
• 10. The Bolsheviks began as a small faction of a
  Marxist group. The Bolsheviks gained control of
  the soviets by promising to end the war,
  redistribute land, and transfer factories to the
  workers. On November 6, they took over the
  provisional government.

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Exploring the Essential Question

• 11. Students' answers should include
• at least three political causes of the war (for
  example, the thwarting of Slavs' desire for
  self-determination, widespread conscription,
  suppression of workers when they demanded their
  rights)
• at least three technological advances (for
  example, improved weapons, improved
  transportation, chemicals for warfare)
• a clear explanation of how each factor
  contributed to the destructiveness of the war
• appropriate, informative artwork and artifacts.

7
Document-Based Questions

• 12. Those people are speaking in abstractions.
  They don't know how badly the soldiers are
  suffering, and they are not paying the costs.
• 13. Lesson 2 didn't talk about chemical warfare,
  and this description gives a better idea than the
  text of how miserable the circumstances were for
  the soldiers.

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Extended-Response Questions

• 14. Nationalism was at a peak, and nations went
  farther to colonize other countries and open up
  more markets and sources of raw materials. The
  instruments of death and destruction were more
  efficient, and more countries were involved in
  conflict than ever before. It was also the first
  instance of total war, in which governments took
  over their countries' economies and media.
  Conservative governments clamped down on their
  people to guard against revolutions. More people
  were disappointed when national boundaries were
  redrawn, sowing the seeds for future conflicts.

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Chapter Summary

• How did imperialism, nationalism, and militarism
  contribute to conditions that set the stage for
  World War I? (Answers may include that rivalries
  over colonies and trade, self-interest of
  nations, and militarismthe aggressive
  preparation and complex plans for waroccurred as
  European armies doubled in size between 1890 and
  1914. In addition, not all ethnic groups had
  their own state, which bred discontent. These
  conditions helped set the climate for World War I
  to erupt.)
• What motivated Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian
  terrorist, to assassinate Archduke Francis
  Ferdinand, the heir to the Hapsburg throne of
  Austria-Hungary, on June 28, 1914? (Answers may
  include that Princip was motivated by
  nationalism, in this instance Serbia's desire to
  break free of Austria-Hungary and become part of
  a large Serbian nation.)
• How did two loose alliancesthe Triple Alliance
  of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, and the
  Triple Entente of France, Great Britain, and
  Russiaaffect Austria-Hungary's plan to attack
  Serbia? (Answers may include Austria-Hungary
  first secured Germany's support before beginning
  an attack on Serbia that might prompt Russia to
  come to Serbia's defense.)
• What consequences occurred in Germany when Russia
  fully mobilized for war? (Answers may include
  that Germany viewed the full mobilization of the
  Russian army as an act of war and gave Russia 12
  hours to halt its mobilization. Russia ignored
  Germany's request and as a result, Germany
  declared war on Russia on August 1, 1914.)
• How did European alliances expand the war to
  include France and Great Britain? (Answers may
  include that, since France had established an
  alliance with Russia in 1894, the Germans planned
  to invade France by fighting a war on two fronts,
  both the Eastern and Western Fronts. Germany
  declared war on France on August 3. The next day,
  Great Britain, an ally of France and Russia,
  declared war on Germany because Germany violated
  Belgian neutrality. Great Britain had its own
  interests in mind as well as it would be left
  without allies should Germany and Austria-Hungary
  win the war.)
• What were some technological innovations that
  affected the war? (Answers may include trench
  warfare supported by machine-gun nests and heavy
  artillery resulted in a stalemate with Germany
  and France on the Eastern front. Airplanes were
  used for the first time to spot the enemy's
  position and they later attacked ground targets.
  Later, machine guns were added to airplanes. The
  Germans also used zeppelins to bomb England.)