Heating the Earth

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Heating the Earth

• Energy From the Sun

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Where We Get Our Energy

• The Sun is a major source of energy for Earth.

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Forms of Energy

• Different forms of energy include heat, light,
  electrical, mechanical, sound, nuclear, and
  chemical.

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Electromagnetic Energy

• Different forms of electromagnetic energy have
  different wavelengths.
• Examples of electromagnetic energy are
• microwaves
• infrared light
• visible light
• ultraviolet light
• X-rays
• gamma rays.

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Electromagnetic Spectrum

• The entire range of radiant energy, including for
  example, X-ray, visible light, infrared
  radiation, radio waves, etc.
• The full set of waves that can travel through
  space includes not only visible light but
  shorter waves, such as X -rays, and longer waves,
  such as radio waves

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Changing Energy

• Energy is transformed in many ways.

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Changing Energy

• Energy can change from one form into another
• In the process some energy is always converted to
  heat.

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Conservation of Energy

• Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but only
  changed from one form into another.

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Heat Energy

• The energy of a material due to the random motion
  of its particles (atoms 7 molecules).
• Also called thermal energy.
• Heat" is used when energy is transferred from
  one substance to another.

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Heat Energy Explains Phases of Matter

• The motion of particles (atoms molecules) helps
  to explain
• the phase (states) of matter
• changes from one phase to another.

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Phases (states) of Matter

• Gases have neither a determined shape nor a
  definite volume. Gases assume the shape and
  volume of a closed container. 
• Liquids have a definite volume, but take the
  shape of a container.  
• Solids have a definite shape and volume.
  Particles resist a change in position.

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Heat Energy Causes Phase Changes

• During a phase change, heat energy is absorbed or
  released.
• Energy is absorbed when
• a solid changes to a liquid (melting)
• a liquid changes to a gas (evaporation)
• a solid changes directly to a gas (sublimation)
• Energy is released when
• a gas changes to a liquid (condensation)
• a liquid changes to a solid (freezing)
• A gas changes directly to a solid, such a forming
  frost or snow flakes in clouds (crystallization).

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Heat Energy Moves

• Heat can be transferred through
• matter by the collision of atoms and/or molecules
  (conduction)
• through space (radiation.)
• In a liquid or gas, currents will cause the
  transfer of heat (convection.)

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Heat Energy Moves

• Heat moves in predictable ways, flowing from
  warmer objects to cooler ones, until both reach
  the same temperature

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Heat Moves Through the Atmosphere

• The transfer of energy within the atmosphere
  results in formation of regions of different
  densities.
• These density differences result in motion.

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Heat Density

• In fluids (liquids and gases), less dense
  (cooler) substances can rise and more dense
  (warmer) substances can sink.

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Heat Movement Density in the Atmosphere

• The transfer of heat energy within the atmosphere
  occurs as a result of radiation, convection, and
  conduction.
• Density differences are the basis for many Earth
  phenomena, including cloud formation and the
  formation of atmospheric storms.

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Heat Movement Density in the Atmosphere

• Heating of Earths surface and atmosphere by the
  Sun drives convection within the atmosphere and
  oceans, producing winds and ocean currents.

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Uneven Heating

• Insolation (Incoming solar radiation) heats
  Earths surface and atmosphere unequally due to
  variations in
• intensity (caused by variations in angle of
  incidence which vary with time of day, latitude,
  and season)
• characteristics of the surface materials
  absorbing the energy (such as color, texture,
  transparency, states of matter, and specific
  heat) and
• duration which varies with seasons and latitude.

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• http//ithacasciencezone.com/earthzone/lessons/07m
  eteor/insolation.htm

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Weather Seasons

• Seasons and weather are NOT the same thing
• Seasons are caused by
• Earths tilt
• Earths revolution by around the Sun
• Resulting in the Earth getting different
  intensities of energy from the Sun (heat light)
  at different times of the year

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Weather Seasons

• Seasonal changes in weather can be explained
  using concepts of density and heat energy. These
  changes include the shifting of global
  temperature zones, the shifting of planetary wind
  and ocean current patterns, the occurrence of
  hurricanes, monsoons, rainy and dry seasons,
  flooding, severe weather, and ozone depletion.

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Big Science Idea

• The atmosphere is an ocean of air that extends
  hundreds of kilometers about the Earth's
  surface. 
• It is divided according to temperature into four
  layers - the troposphere, the stratosphere, the
  mesosphere, and the thermosphere. 
• The lowest layer, the troposphere is where air
  masses form. 
• Air masses have different characteristics because
  the areas over which they form receive different
  amounts of heat energy from the sun.
• The uneven heating of Earths surface is the
  cause of weather.

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Lets Review

• http//wps.prenhall.com/esm_lutgens_atmosphere_8/0
  ,6585,263598-,00.html

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References

• http//www.earth2class.org
• http//universityforholisticarts.org/files/QuickSi
  teImages/QS_sun_background.jpg
• http//science.uniserve.edu.au/school/curric/k_6/s
  olar.jpg
• http//genesismission.jpl.nasa.gov/science/mod3_Su
  nlightSolarHeat/img1.gif
• http//discover.edventures.com/images/termlib/f/fo
  ssil_fuels/support.gif
• http//www.stanford.edu/group/Urchin/GIFS/spectrum
  .gif
• http//www.projectgreenmachine.org/7F-all.html
• http//www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/images/content
  /114284main_EM_Spectrum500.jpg
• http//www.swinburne.edu.au/corporate/hr/ohs/image
  s/radiofrequency.jpg
• www12.mawebcenters.com/coltslaboratories/gloss.ivn
  u

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References

• www.riverdeep.net/current/2002/01/010702_light_tg.
  jhtml
• www.yorku.ca/eye/spectru.htm
• http//sol.sci.uop.edu/jfalward/physics17/chapter
  3/energytransformation.jpg
• http//www.tburg.k12.ny.us/mcdonald/chain.jpg.gif
  
• http//www.bchydro.com/images/rx_images/community/
  body2880.gif
• http//www.bioedonline.org/slides/slideimgs/talk00
  7__s014_f.gif
• http//www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/science/im
  ages/EnergyTransformations.gif
• http//user.gs.rmit.edu.au/caa/global/graphics/ins
  olation.jpg
• http//www.boscobel.k12.wi.us/schnrich/uneven_hea
  ting.htm

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References

• http//www.miramar.sdccd.cc.ca.us/faculty/fgarces/
  zCourse/Spring05/Ch100_OL/aMy_FileLec/04_LecNotes_
  Ch100/13_LiquidSolids/1301_LiquidSolid/1301_liquid
  Solids.htm
• http//www.physics.brocku.ca/courses/1p93/images/F
  G11_16.gif
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  ews/hollingshead/i000766big.jpg
• http//www.anchorflagandflagpole.com/images/PHOTO_
  windsock_detail.gif
• http//www.nmm.ac.uk/upload/img/currents.gif
• http//www.mhhe.com/earthsci/geology/mcconnell/ear
  ths_climate/gac.htm