The%20Reformation

1
The Reformation
2
Prelude to Reformation

• I. Christian or Northern Renaissance Humanism
• - Focused on early Christian religion sources
  simple religion reform inner piety through
  education to reform church and society
• - Erasmus-formulated and popularized the reform
  program emphasized inner piety as a guiding
  philosophy for the direction of daily life
  edited the Vulgate and criticized church abuses
  in The Praise of Folly
• -Thomas More-Utopia
• II. Church and Religion on the Eve of the
  Reformation
• - Catholic Church corruption
• - salvation through religious practices/dogma/rel
  ics
• - Franciscans, Dominicans, Augustinians, Oratory
  of Divine Love preaching to laypeople
• - Thomas a Kempis Imitation of Christ

Erasmus
More
3
Charles V
4
Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany

1. Early Luther- Augustinian Hermits in Erfurt,
   Germany focused on salvation doctorate in
   theology University of Wittenberg (Bible the sole
   truth and faith salvation alone) indulgence
   controversy (Pope Leo X for the building of Saint
   Peters)wrote 95 Theses 1517 Leipzig Debate
   1519-denial of authority of popes and councils
   pamphlets 1520 Edict of Worms declared outlaw by
   Charles V excommunicated 1521
2. Rise of Lutheranism-translated the New Testament
   into German primary spread through sermon
   reform then instituted by state authorities
   pamphlets illustrated with woodcuts
3. Spread of Ideas-princely and ecclesiastical
   states in Northern/Central Germany 2/3 of free
   imperial cities Nuremburg 1st imperial city to
   convert younger Christian Humanists supported

5
Luther
6

• IV. Peasants War-peasants looked to Luther to
  support southwestern Germany 1524 Luther
  reacted against the peasants and called on the
  princes to put down the rebellion (Reformation
  depended on the support of the princes and
  magistrates).
• V. Organizing the Church-kept two sacraments
  (Lords Supper and baptism) Lutheran churches in
  Germany became territorial/state churches in
  which the state supervised and disciplined church
  members ministers marry new religious services
  with a vernacular liturgy.
• VI. Charles V-king of Spain and HRE due to
  conflict with Francis I of France, the Ottoman
  Turks, the papacy, and German princes, Charles
  wasnt able to stop the spread of Lutheranism.
• VII. Politics in Germany-individual princely
  kingdoms reluctant to submit to an emperor
  Charles V-Diet of Augsburg 1530 demanded they
  return to the Catholic Church Defensive alliance
  formed called the Schmalkaldic League
  Schmalkaldic Wars 1546 (delayed by continuous
  wars with Ottomans and France)-defeated Lutherans
  at the Battle of Muhlberg alligned with Henry II
  of France (Catholic) to revive war in 1552 and
  forced into a truce Peace of Augsburg
  1555-division of Christianity formally
  acknowledged/each German ruler determines
  religion Charles abdicated to brother Ferdinand
  in 1556

7
Spread of the Protestant Reformation

1. Lutheranism in Scandinavia-1530s Swedish
   Lutheran National Church established by Gustavus
   Vasa, king of independent Sweden Christian III
   of Denmark established a Lutheran state church
   and spread Lutheranism to Norway
2. Zwinglian Reformation-Switzerland state
   supervise the church relics and images
   abolished new liturgy music eliminated
   monasticism, pilgrimages, veneration of saints,
   clerical celibacy, popes authority abolished
   tried alliance of churches (Marburg) but
   disagreed with Luthers Lords Supper as being
   literal (believed symbolic) Oct 1531 Swiss war
   between Protestant and Catholics Zwingli killed,
   cut up, burned and scattered.
3. The Anabaptists-adult baptism choose minister
   from community simple Christian living back to
   early Christian accounts complete separation of
   church and state seen as radical
   (Mennonites/Amish descend from Anabaptists).

Zwingli
8

• IV. England-Henry VIII Act of Supremacy 1534 and
  Treason Act by Parliament-rejected by Thomas
  More Thomas Cromwell organized and dissolved
  monasteries not religious reformation per se
  church b/c more Protestant under Archbishop
  Cranmer under Edward VI (sickly son). Mary
  (married to Phillip II of Spain and son Charles
  V) burned Protestant heretics pushed people
  toward Protestantism rather than away
• V. Calvinism-Institutes of the Christian
  Religion faith for salvation predestination 3
  tests-open profession of faith, a decent and
  godly life, and participation in baptism and
  communion. (militant Protestantism).
  Geneva-Ecclesiastical Ordinances (new church
  constitution) with the Consistory (oversee moral
  life). Spread throughout Europe and replaced
  Lutheranism as the international form of
  Protestantism.

Henry VIII
Calvin
9
Social Impact

1. Education-broadened the base of people being
   educated Luther promoted the idea that all
   children need an education that is provided by
   the statebenefit church and state Philip
   Melanchthon Teacher of Germany-divided students
   into 3 classes divided on age/capabilities
2. Religious Practices and Popular Culture-private
   prayer, family worship, collective prayer and
   worship on Sundays Puritans (English Calvinists)
   banned drinking in taverns, dramatic
   performances, and dancing Dutch Calvinists
   denounced giving presents to children on the
   feast of Saint Nicholas abolishment of saints
   days and religious carnivals and of
   courseabolished indulgences, veneration of
   relics and saints, pilgrimages, monasticism, and
   clerical celibacy.

10
Catholic Reformation

1. Revival of the Old- revived the best features of
   medieval Catholicism and adjusted to meet new
   conditions revival of mysticism and monasticism
   reform of Benedictines and Dominicans.
2. Society of Jesus-Jesuits The Spiritual
   Exercises-training manual for spiritual
   development emphasizing exercises by which the
   human will could be strengthened and made to
   follow the will of God as manifested through the
   Church religious order schools, propagation of
   the Catholic faith among non-Christians (Francis
   Xavier), garnered interest in the East through
   stories, fought Protestantism
3. Revived Papacy-Pope Paul III-encouraged reform
   Roman Inquisition to ferret out doctrinal orders
   1542 Pope Paul IV-Index of Forbidden Books
4. Council of Trent-Pope Paul III 1545-1563 met
   intermittently-reaffirmed traditional Catholic
   teachings in opposition to Protestant beliefs
   faith and good works necessary for salvation,
   sacraments upheld, church interprets scripture,
   purgatory and indulgences affirmed (although not
   sold) theological seminaries established Clear
   doctrine and unified church

Ignatius of Loyola by Rubens
11
Politics and War

• French Wars of Religion (Huguenots-French
  Calvinists) Valois monarchy Catholic artisans
  and shopkeepers, merchants and lawyers, and
  40-50 of French nobility became Huguenot,
  including the house of Bourbon which was next in
  line of successionpotentially dangerous
  monarchical threat Calvinists only 10 of
  population
• -Valois regency controlled by Catherine
  deMedici tried to compromise
• -towns and provinces, against monarchical
  centralization, joined against
• -extreme Catholic party led by the Guise
  family-1562 massacred Huguenots congregation at
  Vassy
• -St. Bartholomews Day massacre in 1572 Paris
  started by King Charles IXs guards by the
  massacre of Huguenot leadersencouraged by Guise
  family and supported by Catherine- and followed
  by 3 days of Catholic mobs the kings daughter
  was promised to Henry of Navarre, a Huguenot, and
  his life was spared b/c he promised to become
  Catholic.
• -War of Three Henries 1588-1589-Henry, duke of
  Guise seized Paris (with help of Philip II of
  Spain) and forced King Henry III to make him
  chief minister King Henry had him assassinated
  and joined with Henry of Navarre to crush the
  Catholic Holy League and retake Paris Henry III
  assassinated in 1589 by a monk and Henry of
  Navarre, IV, took the throne. Wars over with
  coronation in 1594 (b/c Catholic). Edict of
  Nantes issued 1598Catholicism official religion
  but Huguenots allowed equal rights and
  privileges. (politically necessary)

12
(No Transcript)
13

• II. Philip II and Militant Catholicismcrusading
  fervor to save Catholic Christianity against
  Protestant heretics aim to make Spain a dominant
  power in Europe consolidate empire leadership
  of a holy league against Ottoman Turks attempt
  to crush revolt in Netherlands (Northern lands
  organized under William of Orange) fought
  against Elizabeth of England

14

• III. Elizabethan England-moderate Protestantism
  to not offend Catholics (Anglican
  church)-revision of the Book of Common Prayer
  threatened by Catholic cousin Mary, Queen of
  Scots-eventually beheaded defeat of Philip IIs
  Spanish armada