The%20Protestant%20Reformation

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The Protestant Reformation

• Peace of Augsburg
• Henry VIII
• Act of Supremacy
• Anglican Church
• John Calvin
• Predestination
• John Knox
• Huguenots and Puritans

• Protestants
• Reformation
• Martin Luther
• 95 Theses
• Indulgences
• Purgatory
• Nepotism
• Johanes Gutenburg
• Printing Press

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Background

• The plague cost the Roman Catholic Church many
  followers for either turning away people in their
  time of need or for taking financial advantage of
  those who were dying of the plague.
• The issues with the church gave rise to many
  groups who found ways to worship without the use
  of the church (i.e. flagellants)
• The Renaissance brought about a questioning of
  the Church and its doctrine and people began to
  protest the ways of the Church (Protestants).

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Background (cont.)

• Those who protested were considered heretics,
  some examples include
• John Wycliffe ? promoted self-interpretation of
  the Bible, was burned at the stake in the early
  15th Century
• Jan Hus ? sought translation of the Bible into
  Slavic and Germanic languages, was also burned at
  the stake.
• The critics demand for reform was called the
  Reformation and created a new branch of
  Christianity known as Protestantism.

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Martin Luther and the 95 Theses

• In 1517, Martin Luther, a German monk, posted his
  95 Theses on the doors of a church in Wittenburg.
• 95 Theses ? collection of complaints/criticisms
  about Church abuses.

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95 Theses

• The 95 Theses mentioned many abuses including
• The sale of indulgences ? indulgences were
  promises made by church leaders to reduce one's
  stay in purgatory, a realm of suffering and
  waiting between heaven and hell.
• Nepotism ? the appointment of relatives by church
  officials into high-ranking church offices.

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Luther's Suggestions

• Luther had three suggestions as to how to reform
  the Church.
• 1. Salvation is gained through faith alone,
  hence, indulgences and good works were not a
  guarantee for entrance to heaven.
• 2. The Bible is the only guide to salvation.
• 3. Anyone can interpret the Bible. This is also
  known as universal priesthood anyone who can
  read can interpret the Bible for themselves.

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Johanes Gutenburg

• Gutenburg ? inventor of movable metal type and
  the printing press in 1455.
• Printing Press ? means by which pages could be
  copied by pressing a stencil onto many pages.
• The printing press would be the chief reason why
  literacy grew and the Protestant Reformation
  gained ground during the 15th and 16th Centuries.

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Reactions to the Reformation

• The Catholic Church would excommunicate Luther on
  the grounds of heresy.
• Luther would also be deemed an outlaw in Germany
  as a result by Charles V.
• Luther's actions, with the help of the printing
  press, produced two competing sides within
  Christianity.
• Luther would be defended by the German princes
  who sought to become more independent of the
  Church and the Holy Roman Emperor many wars
  would be fought for these causes.

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Settling the Conflicts

• In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg brought an end to
  the Peasants' War in Germany that started in
  1524.
• The Peace of Augsburg stipulated
• Each German prince could select which of the two
  religions would become the official religion
• All subjects had to adhere to the official
  religion that was selected.

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Henry VIII

• Henry VIII sought to continue the Tudor lineage
  in England but his current wife, Catherine of
  Aragon, was unable to have a male heir.
• As a result, Henry sought to get his marriage
  annulled (canceled). The Pope refused which led
  to his separation from the Catholic Church.

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Political Maneuvering

• Henry VIII would have Parliament pass the Act of
  Supremacy ? policy that gave the English king the
  ability to control state religion.
• Henry VIII would create the Anglican Church and
  remove monasteries and churches held by the Roman
  Catholic Church in England.
• Henry VIII would start what would be known as
  Protestant England.

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John Calvin

• Calvin ? French lawyer who set up a sect of
  Protestantism in Switzerland which expanded
  throughout Europe.
• Within Calvin's beliefs, man's fate was already
  decided before his birth (predestination) and
  therefore one should be moral and upright to show
  they had been chosen.

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The Protestant Faith Spreads

• Calvinists would begin to show in England and
  France.
• In France, they would be known as Huguenots, in
  England, they would be known as Puritans.
• In both societies, they were persecuted by
  Catholics and other Protestants because of their
  strict practices.
• Calvin's teachings would lead to other sects of
  Protestantism such as the Presbyterian Faith
  which was created by a Scottish reformer, John
  Knox.