??? ??? ????????????

1
??? ???????????????IR as A Science the Birth
of the Theory

• ?????
• ???????
• ?????????
• ?????1914??
• ????????1914?1939
• ???????????1939?1979
• ????????????1979??

2
???????????

• ?????????????,???????????????????
• 
  George C. Homans
• ?????????,??????????????????????????????
• 
  Chava Frankfort-Nachmias, David Nachmias
• ??????????????,??????,??????,???????????????,?????
  ???
• 
  Arnold Brecht

3
?????????????????

• ????,?????,???????
• ?????,????????????,??????????????????????????,????
  ???????????????????????????????????,??????????????
  ???????????????????,???,??????????????,??,????,
  ?????????????
• Kenneth N. Waltz, Realism Thought and Neorealist
  Theory, in Charles W. Kegley, ed., Controversies
  in International Relations Theory Realism and
  the Neoliberal Challenge (New York St. Martins
  Press, 1995), pp. 71-76

?,?????????!
4
????(1)?????Characteristics of Theory

• http//big5.wallcoo.com/nature/snow-2/images/02_B_
  Korea_A034_028.jpg
• http//www.tucoo.com/vector/a_tree_q/images/D001.j
  pg

5
?? Detail
?? Abstract
6

• ?????

• ??????????
• ?????????????
• ??????????
• ??????????
• ?????????????????

• ?????

7
????(2)???????
?????????
8
(No Transcript)
9
????????Practice Long before Theory
????????!
http//www.aerospaceweb.org/question/aerodynamics/
area-rule/a310-fairings.jpg
10
?????

• ???
• ????
• ??????
• ??????
• ???????
• ???????
• ?????????
• ??????????????
• ????????????????

?????
????
11
?????????
???
???
?????!
???????
12
???
13
???
14
??????
http//farm1.static.flickr.com/21/31371469_8e79b76
c9e.jpg
15
???????????
????????????? ?
16
??????
17
?????
18
??????????
19
???????????????
?????????
20
???????????
?????1914?? ????????1914?1939
???????????1939?1979 ????????????1979??
????????? ????????
??/??
??????????
??/??
21
????1914???

• ????? (Thucydides,??????)
• ???????
• (The History of the Peloponnesian War )
• ???? (Nicolo Michiavelli,14691527)
• ??? (Il Principe)
• ???? (Hugo Grotius 1583-1645)
• ?????? (De iure belli ac pacis )

22
?????????
?????? The Melian Dialogue

• The strong do what they can, and the weak suffer
  what they must.

???????
23
??? Il Principe

• ?????????

??
???
??
24
?????????

• ??????,?????????????????,?????????????,?????????
  ,????????????,???????????????????????????????????
  ???????,???????????????
• ??????????????????????????????,???????????????,???
  ?????????,???????????????????????????????,????????
  ???????????????,???????????,??????????????????
• ????????????,??????,???????,?????????????????,????
  ?????????

25
?????????Primacy of Military Power

• ????????,????????,???????????????????,????????????
  ,???????????,?????????????
• ????????????,??????????,???????????,??????????????
  ??

26
???????????

• ????????????????,????????,????????????????,???????
  ???,?????????,????????????,??????????????,????????
  ?????
• ?????,?????,???????????????,?????????????????????,
  ????????????????????,??????????????????????????,??
  ????,???????????????????????
• ???????,????????,?????????????,??????????????????,
  ??????????????????,???????????????
• ????????,???????????,?????????????????????????????
  ???????
• ?????????????????,?????????????????,?????????????,
  ????????????????????

27
???? Evil

• ?????????????,??????????????
• ??????????????,????????????
• ?????????????,??????????????
• ????????,????????????

28
?????????Meanings to Theoretical Development?

• ???????
• Key Concepts
• ???????
• Causal Relations
• ??????
• Not Theory

?????
????
????
29
???????Tradition of Power Politics
??
Realism????
???
V.S.

• ??
• ???
• ???
• ??

???
Idealism????
30
?????19141939
31
????????
?????????

• ?????????????
• ?????????
• ??????????

32
????? ????,????

• ???????
• ???????
• ?????

33
?????????? 1939?1979

• ??
• (Edward Hallett Carr, 1892-1982 )
• ?????,1919-1939
• The Twenty Years Crisis, 1919-1939
• ???
• (Hans Joachim Morgenthau, 1904 - 1980)
• ????
• Politics Among Nations

34
??????On Idealism

• ?????????,??????????????,???????????,???????????,?
  ????????????????????
• ??,??????????????????,????????????????????????????
  ???????????????,??????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????
• ?????(harmony of interests)???????????????????????
  ?????,???????,?????????????????????????,??????????
  ??
• ?????,???????????????????????????,????????????????
  ,????????,????????????????
• ???,??????????????????,?????????????,?????????????
  ??,???????????????????????
• ????????????????,????????????????,???????????(????
  ???????)?????

35
?????On Power and Moral
?????????????????????,????????????????????????????
??,????????????????????(power over
opinion)????????????????????????,???????????

• ????,???????????,?????????,???????????????????????
  ?????
• ????,???????,???????????????????????????????????,?
  ????????(export of capital)??????????
• ??????,???????,????????????????

• ???????,????????,?????????????????????????????????
  ???,??????????,?????,???????????????????,?????????
  ?,??????????,???????????????????????,???????????,?
  ????????????????,????????????,??,?????????????????
  ???????

36
?????On International Law

• ???????????,??????????????,????????????????
• ??????,???????????????????
• ??????,??????????????
• ?????,???????,????,?????
• ?????????????????,??????????????????????????,?????
  ??????????,?????,?????????????????,???????????????
  ??
• ???????????????,??????????????,???????,???????????
  ???,??,???????????????????????????
• ???????????????????,???????????,??????????????????
  ???????????,?????????,????????????????????

37

• ?????????????????,????????????????????,?????????,?
  ?????,?????????????????????????,??????????????????
  ??????,???????,????????????????????,??????????

38

• ?????????????,???????,???????????,???????????,????
  ????,?????????????????????,???????????????,???????
  ???????,?????,???????????????,??????????,?????????
  ??????,????????????????

39
?????????Meanings to Theoretical Development?

• ????
• Key Concepts
• ????
• Causal Relations
• ???????
• True Theory Yet

??????
?????
?????
40
?????????Six Principles of Political Realism

• ????????????????????
• ?????????????,?????????????
• ???????????????,?????????,??????????????
• ????????????????,??????????????????????
• ??????????????,????????????
• ?????????????

41
??Human Nature

• ????????
• All Man Lust for Power
• ?????????
• Power is Both Means and Ends

animus dominandi
42
???????????International Politics as A Struggle
for Power

• ????(????)
• Policy of Status Quo
• ????(????)
• Policy of Imperialism
• ????(????)
• Policy of Prestige

43
???????Elements of National Power

• ?? Geography
• ???? Natural Resources
• ???? Industrial Capacity
• ?? Military Preparedness
• ?? Population
• ??? National Character
• ?? National Morale
• ???? The Quality of Diplomacy
• ???? The Quality of Government

44
???????Limitations of National Power

• ????
• Balance of Power
• ?????????
• International Morality
• World Public Opinion
• ???
• International Law

45
?????????Meanings to Theoretical Development?

• ????
• Key Concepts
• ????
• Causal Relations
• ???????
• True Theory Yet

??????
?????
?????
46
??????????? 1979??
????!!
??????? ?????????
????

• ??
• Kenneth N. Waltz 19242013
• ??????
• Theory of International Politics

47
?????????? The Failure of Reductionist Theory

• ??????
• Accumulation of Observations
• ????
• Anomaly Appeared
• ????
• Proliferation of Variables

48
??????????So-called Systemic Theory
????? Richard Rosecrance
??? Stanley Hoffmann
??? Morton A. Kaplan
?????????,??????????(attributes)????????(interacti
on)???(structure)??????,?????????????? Kenneth
Waltz
?????????!!
49
????????Rosecrance s System
Actor Disturbance
Actor Disturbance
Regulator
Pattern of International Outcomes
Environmental Constrains

• ????????????????,?????????,?????????
• Kenneth Waltz

50
??????Hoffmanns System

• ??????(Revolutionary)
• ?????(Moderate)
• ?????(Stable)
• ?????(Bipolar)
• ?????(Multipolar)

• ????????,???????????,???????????
• Kenneth Waltz

51
??????Kaplans System

• ??????
• ???????
• ???????
• ????
• ????

• ??????
• ?????????
• ????
• ????????
• ?????????

• ????????????????,?????????????
• Kenneth Waltz

52
???????

• ????(system)???
• ??(structure)
• ?????(interacting units)
• ???????
• ??????(ordering principles)
• ???????(functions of unit)
• ??????(distribution of capabilities)

53
???????
??????
54
??????
???????

• ??

• ??

55
?????????

• ??(Survival)
• ??(Self-help)

?
56
??????

57
?????????
??
??

??
58
?????

• ???????????????
• ????????

?????????????????????????
59
???????????
????
60
?????????

• ???

61

• ??

62
???????????Sameness of Units
63
????,????
?????????
?????????
?????????
http//thenewman.org/v1i3/images-v1i3/9Giraffes.gi
f
64
??.????

• ?????????????,???????????????????????,???????????
  ?????,??????????????????????,?????????????????????
  ????????????????,?????????????????????????????????
  ???,?????????????????????????????,????????????,???
  ???????????,???????,???????????,??????????????,???
  ?????????????????
• Kenneth Waltz?,???,????,??????(?????????,2003?),
  ?16?

65
??(1)????????? Units and Structure are
Inseparable

• ???????????,????????????,???????

?????????????
Robert Powell, Anarchy in International
Relations Theory the Neorealist - Neoliberal
Debate, International Organization, Vol.48,
No.2 (Spring 1994), pp. 313-344.
66
??(2)???????? Structure Too Narrowly Defined

• ?????????????????,????????????????

????????
Robert Powell, Anarchy in International
Relations Theory the Neorealist - Neoliberal
Debate, International Organization, Vol.48,
No.2 (Spring 1994), pp. 313-344.
67
??(3)?????????? Motives Matter

• ?????????????,???????????????

?????????
Jack Donnelly, Realism and International
Relations (Cambridge Cambridge University Press,
2000)
68
??(4)??????? Mixed Political Order

• ???????????????????????,??????????????,??????????

????????
Jack Donnelly, Realism and International
Relations (Cambridge Cambridge University Press,
2000)
69
???????????
??????????
????????????
????????