School of Continuing Education, Jilin University

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School of Continuing Education, Jilin University
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Text Study
Para. 3 This spelling is not easy. It is
partly phonetic, but only partly, and it has many
maddening inconsistencies. Even native speakers
find it hard and children who speak their native
English fluently take years to learn how to spell
their own language. Even well-educated people in
Britain and America have to consult the
dictionary more often than they generally admit!
3

• adj. ????????????
• e.g.
• a. Is the text marked with phonetic symbols?
• ???????
• b. international phonetic alphabet
• ????

4

• vt. ???
• e.g.
• The colonel's calmness maddened Pluskat.
• ??????????????
• maddening adj. ?????
• e.g.
• The box has spat forth maddening nine-
  second sound bite.
• ???????????????????

5

• n. ???,??
• e.g.
• There is a great inconsistency between what
  he says and what he does.
• ?????????

6
Para. 3 ?????????????????? ?,????????,???????????
?????????????????,???? ?????????????????????? ???
????????????,?????? ????????????????,????? ???????
????
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Text Study
Para. 4 There have been many attempts to
reform English spelling. The most important
spelling reformer was an American Noah Webster,
who in 1828 produced a frankly nationalistic
American Dictionary of the English Language.
Webster added some thousands of American words
that were unknown to Dr. Johnson and he mounted
an all-out assault on the traditional English
way of spelling.
8

• n. ??,??
• e.g.
• He made an attempt to escape, but he
  failed.
• ?????,?????
• vt. ??,??(?)
• e.g.
• I will attempt to answer all your
  questions.
• ?????????????

9
Noah Webster (1758 1843) ????????????????,???
?????????????1789 ??????1828 ????????(???????
?),?????????????????????
10
nationalistic ????,??????????,??????????
??,??????????????????????????,??????????(?????
???)?????????,??????????????
11

• vt. ??
• e.g.
• a. The soldiers have been ready to mount
• another attack.
• ???????????????????
• b. The women in this country mounted another
• campaign for equal rights with men.
• ???????????????????? ????????

12

• adj. ??? ???
• e.g.
• a. He made an all-out sprint and won the first
  prize in the race.
• ????????,????????????
• b. They worked out an all-out conservation
  program.
• ??????????????????

13

• n. ??,??
• e.g.
• They responded with assaults against the
  enemy's bases.
• ????????????
• vt. ??,??
• e.g.
• We assaulted the city on all sides.
• ???????????????

14
Para. 4 ???????????????? ???
???????????????? ?? ??, ?? 1828
?????????????? ????????????????
? ???????????????,????? ????????????,???????? ?
???????
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Text Study
Para. 5 Why, he asked, should we spell
thumb when we do not pronounce the letter b?
But even the Americans of his time ignored him
and it remains thumb" to this day in modern
editions of Webster.
16

• n. ??
• e.g.
• a. This glove has a hole in the thumb.
• ?????????????
• b. The man swore when the hammer hit his
  thumb. 
• ????????,?????????
• ???

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Para. 5 ???thumb(??)??b???,????????thumb?
??,???????????????????,??????,?????????????????
thumb?
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Bye for now!
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??????
School of Continuing Education, Jilin University
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Text Study
Para. 6 However, Webster was triumphant in
other words. His reformed spelling of English
in -our words has won the day, favor,
labor, honor, replacing the English favour,
labour, honour. Similarly, American English
spells words like centre, theatre, calibre
as center, theater, and caliber.
21

• adj. ???,???(????)?????, ?????
• e.g.
• a. The victorious general made a triumphant
  return.
• ??????????
• b. In the summer of 1958 the pianist had a
  sensationally triumphant return.
• 1958?????????????????

22

• (???????)??,???
• e.g.
• a. Despite strong opposition, the ruling party
• won the day.
• ????????,?????????
• b. New products grab headlines, but useful
• products that give good value often
• win the day.
• ???????????????,????
• ???????????

23

• n. ?(?????)??
• e.g.
• A small bore rifle means that the weapon is
  in the 0.22 to 0.38 calibre range.
• ????????????0.220.38?
• n. ??,??
• e.g. There are few workers left of her calibre.
• ???????????????

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Para. 6 ??,?????????????? ?????
??-our??????????? ??favor,labor,honor???(?
?) ??????favour,labour,honour? ??,
???????centre,theatre, calibre???center,t
heater,caliber?
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Text Study
Para. 7 One of the other ways in which
American spelling differs from the British is in
the treatment of the letter I in the middle of
a word. The difference is clearly visible in
American Express checks. If they are issued in UK
pounds they bear the title Travellers Cheque
if in US dollars Travelers Check. Fortunately
a trader will accept either! If the money is good
why worry about spelling?
26

• vi.(from, in)???,??
• e.g.
• a. Birds differ from mammals.
• ??????????
• b. The testimony of the two witnesses differed
  from each other.
• ????????????
• vi. (with, from) ?????

For More
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• vi. (with, from) ?????
• e.g.
• Im sorry to differ with you on that.
• ???,????????????

End
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Para. 7 ???????????????? ?,?????????????l?????
???????????????????? ? ???????????,?????? Travel
lers Cheque, ??????????, ???Travelers
Check?????,???? ?????????! ?????,?????? ??????
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Text Study
Para. 8a In vocabulary there are also
numerous differences. The British take a lift
to the upper floors of a building, the Americans
an elevator British motor cars have a bonnet
and a boot and are protected by bumpers,
American cars have a hood and a trunk and are
protected by fenders British passengers travel
in railway carriages, Americans in railway
cars.
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Para. 8a ( ?????????) ??????????????????lift(
??)? ???????,??????elevator(??)?????????bonne
t(???)???boot(???)???bumpers(???)???????????
?hood(???)???trunk(???),??fenders(???)?????
???????carriages(??)???,????????????cars(??)??
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Text Study
Para. 8b Dead Britons get buried in a
coffin by means of an undertaker, dead
Americans in a casket by means of a
mortician British children progress in school
from form to form, American children from
grade to grade the British walk on a
pavement, Americans on a sidewalk. There are
hundreds of such variants.
32

• n. ? ??
• a. The coffin was placed in the grave.
• ??????????????
• b. Every time he drinks wine, he drives a nail
  in
• his coffin. ??????,??????????
• c. Coffin Nail, a slang term used to describe
  a cigarette. Something that might hasten or
  contribute to one's death, as in Every cigarette
  you smoke is another nail in your coffin.

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Para. 8b ???????????undertaker(?????)?????
??coffin(??)?,????????mortician(?????)????????
casket(??)????????????form(??)???????,???????
?????grade(??)????????????pavement(???)?,????
????sidewalk(???)???????????????
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Bye for now!
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??????
School of Continuing Education, Jilin University
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Text Study
Para. 9 After Webster, the most influential
advocate of the separateness of American English
was H.L. Mencken, whose book The American
Language was first published in 1919. But the
even more influential magazine The New Yorker,
first published in 1925, insisted that
contributors conform to the style of the H. W.
Fowlers very British Modern English Usage.
37

• adj. ????,????
• e.g.
• a. He is a very influential man in the
  government.
• ???????????????
• b. In his days, he was a very influential
  politician.
• ?????????????????

38

• n. ???,???
• e.g.
• He is an advocate of civil rights.
• ???????????
• vt. ??, ??
• e.g.
• Scientists advocate a reduction in saturated
  fats in the human diet.
• ???????????????????
• ???

39

• vt. ??, ?? vi. ??,???? (on)
• insist ???that???????,???????
  ??????(??),??????should??? ????(should???)?
• e.g.
• a. We insist that you (should) accept
• these gifts.
• ??????????????
• insist on ??, ????,??(?)

For More
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b. He insisted on giving me a second helping.
???????????
End
41

• vt. ??,??,??
• e.g.
• a. He contributed 5 to the charity every
  payday.
• ????????5????????
• b. He used to contribute to several charities.
• ??????????????

For More
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• vi. ??,??,??(to)
• e.g.
• a. Exercise contributes to better health.
• ????????
• b. He often contributes to the school
  newspaper to express his own opinions.
• ?????????????????
• contributor n. ?????????

End
43

• ??, ??
• e.g.
• a. Freshmen were required to conform to the
  school rules although they had more freedom
  than when they were in the high school.
• ?????????????????? ?,?????????

For More
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• b. The kinds of books in her library conform to
  her level of education.
• ????????????????
• c. The building does not conform to safety
  regulations. ?????????????
• d.  Many of us conform to the outdated customs
  laid down by our forebears. ??????????????????

45
?????????????????,?????????????????????????,?
??????????? www.thecartoonbank.com www.newyorker.c
om
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Para. 9 ???????, ??? ?????? ???????????????,
????? ????1919 ?????????????? ?????1925
???????? ?????? H. W. ??????????? ????????????
?????
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Bye for now!
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??????
School of Continuing Education, Jilin University
?????(?)
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Text Study
Para. 10a The truth is that there are
numerous small differences between British and
American usages. All major languages show the
same kind of regional variation. It is
inevitable. The question is Are they important?
With the spread of English as an international
medium the answer seems to be not very.
50

• adj. ?????????
• e.g.
• a. Regional joint operation of schools was
  pushed forward actively.
• ????????????
• b. Four-hundred-and-fourteen US companies
  have regional headquarters or offices there.
• ?414???????????????
• ????

51

• adj. ?????,???
• e.g.
• a. We explained to everyone that the delay is
  inevitable.
• ???????????????
• b. Most lawyers felt such an outcome was
  nevertheless inevitable.
• ????????????

52

• prep. ????,??
• e.g.
• a. She often acts as a mediator between this
  hot- tempered couple.
• ?????????????????????
• b. As your best friend, I want to warn you
  that your boyfriend does not deserve you.
• ????????,??????????? ????

53

• n. ??, ????
• e.g.
• a. Communication Medium this field
  specifies the communication medium type.
• ????--????????????
• b. This is an effective medium.
• ?????????

54
Para. 10a ???, ????????????? ????????????????????
?? ???????,?????????? ??? ????
?????????????????, ??????????
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Text Study
Para. 10b The variations between American
English and British English are slight when set
beside what the two have in common. Readers of
English anywhere can move from the Financial
Times or The Economist (published in England) to
Time or the Readers Digest (published in
America), well aware that they are reading the
same language.
56

• ??? when (the variations are) set
  beside or compared with...
• ?(?????)??????
• set beside ??? ???
• e.g.
• a. She looks so small when she is set beside
  her husband.
• ???????,??????????

For More
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b. Your difficulty is not a big deal when set
beside his trouble. ?????????????????????
c. There is no one to set beside him as a
leader. ??????, ????????
End
58

• ????????
• e.g.
• a. They are deeply in love with each other
  although they have nothing in common.
• ???????????????,??? ????????
• b. They became great friends after they found
  they have a lot in common.
• ??????????????????? ?????????

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??????????????????,??????????,???????????????
The Financial Times (FT) is a British
English-language international daily
newspaper with a special emphasis on business and
economic news internationally. The paper, was
founded in 1888. www.ft.com/home/uk
www.ftchinese.com
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1843 ??????????????????????????????????????????
????(to take part in a severe contest between
intelligence, which presses forward, and an
unworthy, timid ignorance obstructing our
progress),????????????????????????????????????
?,????????????????????,?????
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Time is an American weekly news magazine
published in New York City. It was founded in
1923.  ???????????,????????????????????????(
Time Europe,??Time Atlantic)?????,????????????????
?????(Time Asia)??????
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?????? DeWitt Wallace ????? Lila Bell
Wallace ???1922 ???????????????????,????????????
???????2,000 ???,?19 ?????48 ???,????1 ?,?????25
???? www.rd.com
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12. Readers of English anywhere can move from
the Financial Times or The Economist
(published in England) to Time or the Readers
Digest (published in America), well aware that
they are reading the same language. (Para. 10)
??????????????????? ???(????),????????
???? ( ????), ?????????, ????????????
For More
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1) move fromto... ???????????? ????????? 2)
aware adj. ???, ???, ???? be (well) aware
that /of something e.g. a. She is well aware
that she has lost him forever.
???????????????????
For More
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b. I am aware that the Congress has passed the
legislation. ????????????? c. Are you aware
of the danger of being expelled from school?
?????????????????
End
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Para. 10b ??????????, ?????? ????????????????????
?? ??????????????(??? ?),???????????? (
?? ??), ???????,????????????
67
Text Study
Para. 11 Which then to choose? Use the
variant used in your community. Then stick to it.
Do not mix the two. (699 words)
68
Para. 11 ?????????? ??????? ????????,????????,???
??
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Bye for now!
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??????
School of Continuing Education, Jilin University
?????(?)
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71
Complete the following outline for a better
understanding of the text organization.(P10)
British or American English? Main idea (Para.1) Although British English and American English do exhibit many differences, they are basically the same. Supporting points 1. (Paras.27) Although American English shows some differences from British English after it has been reformed, the differences are not so significant.
For More
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2. (Para.8) There are also many differences in the vocabulary between British English and American English. 3. (Paras.910) Differences in British and American usage of English are numerous however, they are only the regional variation and are not important. Conclusion (Para.11) We should choose either British or American English and stick to it.
End
73
Turn the following nouns into adjectives that end
with -al, and then give their Chinese meaning.
(P13)
Noun Adjective Chinese
influence influential ????, ????
profession professional ???, ???
origin original ???, ??? ???, ???
virgin virginal ??? ???
For More
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Noun Adjective Chinese
incident incidental ???, ??? ????, ???,?????
vocation vocational ???
End
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A. Choose the best answer to complete each of
the following sentences. (P13)
1. B 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. D
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B. Replace each of the underlined parts with
the best choice given. (P14)
1. B 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. D 6. A
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C. Complete the following sentences with the
expressions given in the box. (P14)
1. If you have much spare time when you are on
business in Japan, you can pick up some
Japanese. 2. Although you are the leader here,
you cannot lay down the rules totally according
to your own will.
For More
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3. They succeeded by means of patience and
carefulness. 4. New citizens are required to
conform to the local customs.
End
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Bye for now!
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??????
School of Continuing Education, Jilin University
?????(?)
???
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81
Rewrite the following sentences after their
model. (P15)
1. The truth is that she is too young to shoulder
such important responsibilities. 2. The truth is
that he never truly loved her. 3. He made a huge
mistake in the English Speaking Contest, well
aware that he lost the first prize. 4. She walked
onto the stage confidently, well aware that she
would be the final winner.
For More
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6. Those people who have worked in this company
for more than five years can have the chance to
go abroad. 7. Her father insists that she
(should) come back to China after she finishes
her study abroad. 8. The teacher insists that the
students (should) come to class on time.
End
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A. Put the following into Chinese or vice
Versa. (P11)
1. ??? ?? 2. ???????? 3. ??,??? 4. Travelers
Check 5. take a lift/an elevator 6. regional
variation
84
Translation
B. Put the following sentences into English
using the expressions given in the brackets. (P16)
1. She went over to the crying baby and picked
her up. 2. To this day, I still dont understand
why he did it then. 3. Different people may have
different slants on the same incident.
For More
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Translation
4. After marriage, he had continually made
attempts to change her way of life, but
failed. 5. Betty Friedan is a very influential
advocate of the equality of men and women in the
United States. 6. The Suzhou dialect has a lot in
common with the Shanghai dialect.
For More
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Translation
7. He was triumphant in defeating his
opponent. 8. If you want to be successful, you
must stick to your own principles.
End
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Bye for now!
88
??????
School of Continuing Education, Jilin University
?????(?)
???
??????
89
Writing
A. Please write down the structures of the
following sentences. (P17)
1. S V O 2. S V P 3. S V 4. S V O C 5. S V o O
90
Writing
B. Please make simple sentences using the
structures given. (P18)
1. The phone is ringing. (The phone rings.) 2. He
looked frightened. 3. They smiled at the baby. 4.
The monitor handed us our books. 5. These
pictures made the book more interesting.
91
Writing
C. Turn the following pairs of sentences into
compound sentences using proper connecting
words. (P19)
1. It was windy, so I stayed indoors. or I
stayed indoors, for it was windy. 2. He was
short-sighted, so he was not able to join the
army. or He was not able to join the army,
for he was short-sighted.
For More
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Writing
3. John wanted to ski and Mary wanted to fly
kites. or John wanted to ski,but Mary wanted
to fly kites. 4. She cant sing, nor/neither
can she dance.
End
93
Writing
D. Please judge whether the connecting words in
the following compound sentences are used
correctly or not. If a connecting word is not
correctly used, correct it. (P19)
1. ??, but ? and 2. ??, so ? but 3. ??, and ?
but?while 4. ????
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Reading Comprehension(P 21)
1. D 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. C 6. D
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Bye for now!