?????

1
?????µe?a ??etaß???sµ?? Sa?????? G??????s?

• ???????? ???/???
• ??. ?a????t?? ?at????? S????? ????
• ???. ?????????? ??µe?a?.

2
????????? ????????S??S ??????T???O?-I ????
?a? ap????f?s? t?? ?data??????? t??
t??f?? G??????s?
18
3
?ept??? s?st?µa (pept???? s????a ?a? ep????????
???a?a)
4
?????te??? ?dat????a?e? t?? t??f??
? p??? t?? ?data??????? t?? t??f?? (? d??spas?
t??? st??? d?µ????? ?????? t???, ta ap?? s???a?a)
ap?te?e? t? 1? st?d?? t?? ?ataß???sµ?? t??? ?
p??? t?? ?data??????? ?e????e? st? st?µat???
?????t?ta µe t? d??s? µ?a? e?d????????d?s??
(d??spas? p???sa??a??t??) ?a? ?????????eta? st?
?ept? ??te?? µe t? d??s? e?d????????das??
(d??spas? p???- ?a? ?????sa??a??t??) ?a?
d?sa??a??das??
5
?at? t? µ?s?s? ? a-aµ???s? d?asp? µe t??a?? t??p?
µe?????? a(1?4) desµ???, ?p?te pa???eta? ??a
µ??µa µ????te??? d?a??ad?sµ???? (de?t???e?) ?a?
µ? ?????sa??a??t?? ? ?????p?? de? pa???e?
ß-e?d????????d?se? ?a? ?? a?t? de? µp??e? ?a
p??e? t?? ??tta???? ?? d?a??ad?sµ????
?????sa??a??te? ?d??????ta? ap? t?? ?s?µa?t?s?
p?? d?asp? a(1?6) desµ???
6
?as???? ?d?? µetaß???sµ?? t?? ?data???????
G????G???
G??????????s?
G????????s???es?
G??????
G??????s?
G?????e????es?
????S??F????? ???

• ?? ßas???? ?d?? t?? µetaß???sµ?? t?? ?data???????
  ?e?????? ? te?e?????? µe t? ???????

7
?as???? ?d?? µetaß???sµ?? t?? ?data???????
G????G???
G??????????s?
G????????s???es?
G??????
G??????s?
G?????e????es?
????S??F????? - G???????? ???

• ?? ßas???? ?d?? t?? µetaß???sµ?? t?? ?data???????
  ?e?????? ? te?e?????? µe t? ???????

8
G?at? ? ??????? e??a? t?s? s?µa?t??? ??a t??
???a??sµ? µa?
???sµ???? ?st?? ?a??pt??? t?? e?e??e?a??? t???
a????e? ap???e?st??? µ?s? t?? ?ataß???sµ?? t??
???????? (e????? a?µ?sfa???a, µ?e??? t??
?ef???) ?? ?e????? s?st?µa ?a??pte? t??
e?e??e?a??? t?? a????e? ?????? µ?s? t??
?ataß???sµ?? t?? ???????? (se pe??pt?se??
pa?atetaµ???? ??ste?a? a?a????eta? ?a ?ataß???se?
?et???s?µata ?a? ?a µe??se? t? d?ast????t?ta t??)
9
G??????S?

• ? G??????s? ???s?µ?p??e?ta? ap? ????? t???
  ?st??? ??a t? d??spas? t?? ???????? (pa?a????
  e????e?a? ?a? e?d??µes?? p?????t?? ??a ???e?
  µetaß?????? ?d???)
• ?p?te?e? t? ???t?? t?? µetaß???sµ?? t??
  ?data??????? ??a ta s???a?a µetat??p??ta? se
  ???????
• ??a?µat?p??e?ta? st? ??tta??p?asµa t?? ??tt????
• ? te???? p??e?a t?? ???????s?? e?a?t?ta? ap? t??
  pa???s?a µ?t????d???? ?a? ep???e?a? ????????
  (ae??ß?a ? a?ae??ß?a ???????s?)

10
S?????

• ?e????af? ?a? ?ata???s?
• 1) t?? ?d?? a???p???s?? t?? ???????? sa? p???
  e????e?a?

11
S?????

• ?e????af? ?a? ?ata???s?
• 1) t?? ?d?? a???p???s?? t?? ???????? sa? p???
  e????e?a?
• 2) t?? ?d?? s??µat?sµ?? t?? ???????? ap? µ?
  ?d?????a???a???? p??d??µa (G???????G???S?)
• . 3) t?? ???µ?s?? t?? ?d?? a?t??

12
G??????

• ????? p?? ?ata?aµß??e? ?e?t???? ??s? st?
  µetaß???sµ? ????, f?t?? ?a? p?????
  µ???????a??sµ??.
• ?a?s?µ? p???s?? se e????e?a
• ?????e?a ?p? a?ae??ß?e? s?????e?
• ????µe???eta? ?a? ap????e?eta?
• ??????t? p??d??µ? µ???? (pa???e? te??st?a
  p??????a µetaß?????? e?d?aµ?s?? ??a ß??s???et????
  a?t?d??se??).

13
?etaß????? t??? t?? ????????
(??? ?a? µetaß????? e?d??µesa)
(??DPH)
14
?etaß????? t??? t?? ????????

• ?µ??? µ??f? ap????e?s?? t?? ???????? sta f?t?
• G???????? µ??f? ap????e?s?? t?? ???????? st???
  ?st??? t?? ????

15
G????µetaf??e?? ? µetaf??? t?? ???????? d?a
µ?s?? t?? ??tta????? µeµß?a??? ???eta? µe t??
ß???e?a e?d???? p??te????-f?????.? ???????
e??a? ?d??f??? ?a? de? µp??e? ?a d????e? d?a
µ?s?? t?? ??p?d??? t?? ??tta????? µeµß?????.---
??e???t??? µetaf??? µ?s? s??-µetaf???a ?a-Glu
(??te??, ep?????a?? ??tta?a ?ef???)---
???a??sµ?? d?e???????µe??? d????s?? (Glut)
16
(No Transcript)
17
?p????f?s? t?? µ???sa??a??t?? ap? t?? a??? t??
e?t???? st?? ?????f???a
18
G????µetaf??e??
19
e?d?????a?? ??tta?a ?a? e???????tta?a
?e????? ??tta?a
20
G??????s?

• ? ???????t??? ?d?? ? ?d?? Embden-Meyerhof e??a?
  µ?a a??????? d?ad??as?a p?? te?e?ta? ap? ??a ta
  ??tta?a t?? a????p???? s?µat?? ?a? pe???aµß??e?
  t?? a?ae??ß?a d??spas? t?? ???????? se
  p???staf????? ? ?a? ?a?a?t??? ??? µe ta?t??????
  ape?e?????s? e????e?a? µe t? µ??f? ???
  (?????????S G??????S?).
• ?aµß??e? ???a st? ??tta??d????µa.

21
?e??ß??? G??????s?

• St? ??tta?? µp??e? ?a ?ae? (??e?d??e?) p?????
  se CO2 ?a? H2O µ?sa ap? µ?a d?ad??as?a 30 ß?µ?t??
  p?? pe???aµß??e? t?? k. Krebs ?a? t?? ??e?d?t???
  F?sf??????s?
• gt ???????S G??????S?
• ? ???????s? ap?te?e? µ??? ta p??ta µe????
  st?d?a a?t?? t?? ?a?s??.

22
(No Transcript)
23
(No Transcript)
24
(No Transcript)
25

• G??????s?
• G?a ??p????? ?st??? ? ???????s? ap?te?e? µ?a ?d?
  epe????sa? µ??? pa?a????? e????e?a? ??a??? ?a
  pa???e? 2mol ??P a?? mol ???????? ?at? t??
  ap??s?a ? µe???? ???e??? ????????.
• ?? ??t??? µ???? ?s??s?
• G?a ?????? ?st??? e??a? e?a??et??? sp??da?a sa?
  p???ata??t??? ?d??
• ????fa??? (120??/?µ??a)

26

• G??????s?
• ????? ?st?? ????? ?a?? pa???? ???????? a??? de?
  ????? µ?t????d??a
• ?????? a?µ?sfa???a, Fa???, ?µf?ß??st??e?d??
  ??t??a?,
• ?e?at?e?d??
• ? ????? p??? ???a
• ??e??? t?? ?ef???, ??????? ?st??, ?e???
  a?µ?sfa???a, ?e?e? µ????? ??e? (40?? / ?µ??a)

27

• G??????s?
• ????????a e???µ??? ?ata???µe??? a?t?d??se?? p??
  µetaß??????? ??a µ???? ???????? se d?? µ???a
  p???staf?????? ?????
• ??at???s? e????e?a? (???, NADH)
• Metaß????? p??e?a p?? ???s?µ?p??e?ta? ap? ??a
  p????? ???a??sµ??. ? ?d?? µe t? µe?a??te??
  ?????f???a ????a?a sta pe??ss?te?a ??tta?a.
• G??????s? ap???e?st??? p??? µetaß??????
  e????e?a? se µe?????? ?st??? ?a? ??tta??????
  t?p??? ???ast???? (e???fa??, e?????
  a?µ?sfa???a, µ?e??? ?ef???, spe?µat??????a)

28
St?d?? e?e???p???s??
St?d?? d??spas?? (? a?t?d?as? 7 e??a? aµf?d??µ?)
29
??µ???? µetas??µat?sµ??

• ?p?d?µ?s? a???a????? s?e?et??
• F?sf??????s? t?? ADP se ATP
• ?etaf??? e??? ???t?? ?d??d??? st? NAD ??a
  s??µat?sµ? NADH

30
S?µas?a t?? f?sf??????µ???? e?d?aµ?s??

• ?e? pe????? t?? ??tta???? µeµß???? (?? f?sf??????
  est??e? ? ?d??f????, f??t?sµ????

31
St?d?? e?e???p???s??
St?d?? d??spas??, ? a?t?d?as? 7 e??a? aµf?d??µ?
32
(No Transcript)
33
1? a?t?d?as?
? f?sf??????s? t?? ???????? ap? t? ??? e??a? µ?a
?e?µ?d??aµ??? e??????, µ? a?ast????µ?, ?p?
??tta????? s?????e? a?t?d?as? ?p??e?ta? se
???µ?s?
34
F?sf??????s? t?? ????????
35
???????s?

• ??e?????ta? ?g ? ???? d?s?e??? µ?ta??? ??a
  d?ast???t?ta

• G????????s? (?s?????µ? st? ?pa?) (d?af??et????
  ????t???? ?a? ???µ?st???? ?d??t?te?)
• F?sf???????e? ?? ???e? e???e?

36
(No Transcript)
37
?s?µe??s? t?? f?sf?????? e?????
a?d???
?et???
?a?ß??????
a??????
A?ad??ta?? t?? ?a?ß?????µ?da? ?a? t??
?d??????µ?da?
38
?etat??p? a?d???? se ?et???
39
F?sf?f????t?????s? 1 (PFK1)
1? desµe?t??? ß?µa t?? ???????s??

• ???µ?st??? ????µ? ????? s?µe?? e?????? t??
  ???????s??
• ??e???eta? ?g ? ???? d?s?e??? µ?ta??? ??a
  d?ast???t?ta

40
??d???s?

d??spas? a???a????? s?e?et??
41
??d???s?
42
?s?µe??s? f?sf?????? t??????
43
???pa?as?e?ast??? f?s? t?? ???????s??

• ?p? ??????? ? 2 µ???a 3-GAP
• Kata????s? 2 µ????? ???
• 2 µ? a?t?st?ept?? a?t?d??se??

44
?a?a?????? f?s? t?? ???????s??
?????f?sf????? ??e? ????? d??aµ??? µetaf????
f?sf?????? ?µ?d??
? GAP ??e?d??eta? se ??a ?a?ß??????? ??? µe
ta?t?????? a?a???? t?? NAD se NADH
45
????s? f?sf???????e?????

46
(No Transcript)
47
??ep???e?a t?? p???staf?????? ????s?? ? p??
s???? ???????µ??? a?ep???e?a ???????t???? e???µ??
? t?? d?ast???t?ta? t?? p??. ????s??? ? t??
ta??t?ta? t?? ???????s?? ? a?ep???e?a ???????
t?? e?e??e?a??? a?a???? t?? e???????tt????
? ?a?aµ??f?s? t?? s??µat?? t?? e???????tt????? ??s
? t?? e???????tt????? ?????????? ???????
48
?S???G?S??S ??S G??????S?S

• G?????? 2?D? 2 ??D 2Pi ?
• 2 p???staf????? 2NADH 2H 2??? 2?2?

49
(No Transcript)
50
????staf????? ???

• Kataß?????? ?????
• ??aß?????? ?????

51
?etaß????? t??? t?? p???staf??????
52
??at???s? t?? ?s??????? t?? ??e?d?a?a?????
G?a ?a s??e??ste? ? ???????s? ?a p??pe? ?a
a?a?e????e? t? NAD t? ?p??? ?p???e? se
pe?????sµ??? p?s?t?ta st?? ???a??sµ? ?a?
p?????eta? ap? t?? ß?taµ??? ??as???
53
(No Transcript)
54
(3?? t??p??)
??a? ????? t??p?? a?a?????s?? t?? NAD e??a? ?
e?s?d?? t?? p???staf?????? st?? ????? t??
??t????? ?????. ??t? ???eta? µe t?? s??µat?sµ?
t?? a?et???- Co? ?at? t?? ??e?d?t???
ap??a?ß??????s? t?? p???staf?????? sta
???????????. ????staf????? NAD CoA ?
a?et???CoA CO2 NADH ?? NAD a?a?e???ta?
?at? t?? ??e?d?t??? f?sf??????s?
55
Z?µ?s?

• ?e?????fe? d?e??as?e? p?? ap?sp??? e????e?a ?p?
  t? µ??f? ??? ????? ?a ?ata?a?????? ??????? ? ?a
  µetaß?????? t?? s???e?t??se?? t?? NAD ? NADH.
• ?e???? ap? ta p?????ta t?? ??µ?s?? ????? eµp?????
  e?d?af????.
• Ga?a?t??? ??µ?s?
• ????????? ??µ?s?

56

• ??µ?s?
• ? ??µ?s? pa???e? µ????te?? p?s?t?ta e????e?a?
  ap??t? ? p????? ?a?s? t?? ???????? . G?at?
  ???s?µ?p??e?ta??
• G???? ??? ??????? ???G??? ? ?????????? ????GOG?S
  ????G???S S? S??T???S ??????S ??? ??????S
• ????GOG? G????????? ????S ??? ???S S?????????S
  ??S
• ???? ?? ???G??S G?? ????G??? ????????? ???
  ?????????
• G?? ????F??? ???G????.

57
Ga?a?t??? ??µ?s? ( ??????? ? ?a?a?t???)
?? ?a?a?t??? s??µat??eta? ap? t? p???staf????? se
??p????? µ???????a??sµ??? a??? ?a? se a??te????
???a??sµ??? ?ta? ? p?s?t?ta t?? ???????? e??a?
???a?? (??t??? µ???? d?ast????t?ta) ? ?a? ?p?
ae??ß?e? s?????e? (?ta? p?. de? d?a??t???
µ?t????d??a) ?µf?ß??st??e?d??, ?e?at?e?d??,
Fa???, ?????? a?µ?sfa???a
58
????????? ??µ?s? ( ??????? ? a??a???? ?a? CO2)
? a??a???? s??µat??eta? ap? t? p???staf?????
st??? ??µ?µ???te? ?a? µe?????? ??????
µ???????a??sµ???.
59
?p??a?ß?????s? p???staf??????

• ?e????e? ?? p??s?et??? ?µ?da TPP (Thiamine
  pyrophosphate) p???f?sf????? ?e?aµ??? (Vit ?1).
• E??e??? TPP, ??s?? Beri-Beri.

60
A???????? de?d???e??s?

• ?p???e? se p?????? ???a??sµ??? p?? µetaß???????
  t?? a??a???? (?????p??)
• ???s?eta? st? ??tta??p?asµa t?? ?pat???? ??tt????
  (s?ed?? ap???e?st???)

61
(No Transcript)
62
??µ?se??

• ?p?d?d??? p?????a ????? t??f?µa a??? ?a?
  ß??µ??a????? ??µ???? ??s?e?
• Lactobacillus Bulgarius ? Ga?a?t??? ??? pH
  ?aµ?????a????s? p??te???????a???t? p??t?
• Propionibacterium freudenreichi? p??p?????? ???
  ?a? CO2 (t??? ?mental)
• Clostridium acetobutyricum? ß??ta???? ?a? a?et???
• ?t?s? pH, d?at???s? t??f?µ?? a?a?????ta ap?
  ?a?t???a

63
?a??????? ??tta?a

• Se ?????? p??s???? ???????? ?a? ???????s?
  10p??s?a ta??t?ta / f?s???????? ?st?.
• ?a??????? ??tta?a (??)a?t?µet?p????? ?p???a
  (/pa???? ?2 ???? ???e???? t????e?d??). G?a t?
  ???? a?t? ?????? a?ae??ß?a ???????s? ??a pa?a????
  ??? (p???staf???????a?a?t???).
• ?? ????? a???µ??a ep?peda ???????t???? e???µ??.
• ? ??F (Hypoxia Inducible Factor) d?e?e??e? 8
  ???????t??? ????µa.

64
(No Transcript)
65
(No Transcript)
66
(No Transcript)
67
??? ??S???S
F????????S S?? G??????S?

• ??S???S G????????S

68
(No Transcript)
69
(No Transcript)
70
(No Transcript)
71
(No Transcript)
72
(No Transcript)
73
Ge?et???? d?atata??? µetaß???sµ?? ?a?a?t????

• ?d??aµ?a µetaß???sµ?? ?a?a?t???? ???? e???µ?? p??
  µetat??p??? t? ?a?a?t??? se ???????
  (?a?a?t?????s??, ep?µe??s??, ????d???µetaf???s??
  t?? 1-?-?a?a?t????) ?d????? se p???s?
  G???????????? (s?ss??e?s? ?a?a?t???? st? a?µa ?a?
  ???a).

74
(No Transcript)
75
Ga?a?t??a?µ?a

• ???e??? ?a?a?t?????s?? ?d??e? se ?p?a d?ata?a??,
  p???µ?? s??µat?sµ?? ?ata????t? sta ß??f? ????
  e?ap??es?? ?a?a?t?t???? st? fa??.
• ???e??? ????d???µetaf???s?? t?? 1-?-?a?a?t???? ?
  ep?µe??s?? ?d??e? se s?ßa?? p???s?, ß??ß? st?
  ??S, d?ata?a?? a??pt???? ?a? ?µ???a? ?a? ?pat???
  ß??ß?
• S?ss??e?s? 1-?-?a?a?t???? ?d??e? se ?pat???
  a?ep???e?a.

76
(No Transcript)
77
(No Transcript)
78
Te?ape?a

• ?fa??es? ?a?a?t???? ap? d?at??f?
• ?pe???µ?s? d?sa??a??t?? ?a?t???.
• ?a?t??? ??????? ?a?a?t???

79
??sa?e??a st? ?a?t???

• ????s? ????? se p?????? p????sµ??? (e?t?? ?.
  ????p?? ?a? ???sµ??a µ??? ?f?????).
• ?fe??eta? se p???? ? µe???? e?af???s? e?e???t?ta?
  ?a?t?s?? sta e?te???? ??tta?a.
• ?e? ap?d?µe?ta? ? ?a?t??? (d?sa??a??t??) ?a? de?
  ap????f?ta? st? ?ept? ??te??.

80
??sa?e??a st? ?a?t???

• ?e??? st? pa?? ??te?? ?p?? ßa?t???a t?
  µetat??p??? se t????? p?????ta p?? p???a????
  ?????? ?a? d??????a.
• ???? p??ß??µa e??a? ? a???s? ?sµ?µ???a??t?ta? t??
  e?t???? p?? e???e? t?? ?ata???t?s? ?e??? st?
  ??te??.
• ?e? p??pe? ?a ???eta? ?ata????s? ???a?t?? ??a
  ße?t??s? p??ß??µ?t??.

81
?? F?S????G??? ???????S? ?O? ??S???????O? ??
pa??de??µa t?? ??S??????S S?? ???????

• ??sa?e??a d?sa??a??t??
• ???????µ???? a??µa??e? a?ep???e?a d?sa??a??das??
  se ß??f? ?a? pa?d??
• -?p??t?t? e???µ??? a?ep???e?a
• a. se f?s???????? ?t?µa µe ??t??? d??????a?
  ?atast??f? t?? ???t??e?d??? pa??f?? t?? ep???????
  t?? ?ept?? e?t????
• ß.e?te????? pa??se?? ? f??µa?a p?? ?atast??f???
  t? ß?e??????? t?? ?ept?? e?t????