PresentationExpress

1
Objectives

• Summarize the key developments in the
• transportation revolution of the early 1800s.
• Analyze the rise of industry in the United
• States in the early 1800s.
• Describe some of the leading inventions and
• industrial developments in the early 1800s.

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Terms and People

• turnpike toll roads chartered by some states,
  named for the gate that guarded the entrance
• National Road successful road made of crushed
  stone that linked Maryland and the Ohio River
• Erie Canal waterway built to link Lake Erie and
  New York City via the Hudson River
• Industrial Revolution historic period that
  changed how people worked and lived as production
  shifted from manual labor to the use of machines

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Terms and People (continued)

• Samuel Slater English emigrant who built
  Americas first water-powered textile mill in
  Pawtucket, Rhode Island in 1793
• Francis Cabot Lowell merchant who developed an
  entire industrial system for all stages of
  manufacturing cloth in the town of Lowell
• Lowell girls young girls who worked in Lowells
  mills and lived in strictly supervised boarding
  houses

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Terms and People (continued)

• interchangeable parts the use of identical
  components that can replace each other, making a
  machine less expensive to produce or repair
• Eli Whitney inventor who introduced the use of
  interchangeable parts in the United States
• Samuel F.B. Morse inventor of the electrical
  telegraph and Morse Code, a system of dots and
  dashes used to send messages over metal wires

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How did transportation developments and
industrialization affect the nations economy?
New technology changed the way Americans lived
and worked. The United States was set on a
course of industrialization.
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The major settlements in the U.S. originally
developed along the rivers and harbors of the
Atlantic coast.
Overland transportation was expensive whether by
cart, wagon, sleigh, stagecoach, horse or oxen.
Moving freight a few dozen miles by land cost as
much as shipping the same items across
the ocean.
Water was the most efficient way to move people
and goods.
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• Profits were supposed to be used for road
  improvements but most roads remained in poor
  condition.
• Few turnpikes made a profit or really improved
  the cost or speed of transportation.
• An exception was the National Road. This route of
  crushed stone extended from Maryland to the Ohio
  River in 1818.

States chartered toll roads called turnpikes.
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Water travel was revolutionizedby the steamboat.
In 1807, the first practical steamboat, the
Clermont, began sailing from New York
City. Steamboats shortened a trip up the
Mississippi from New Orleans to Louisville from
months to mere days.
Inventor Robert Fulton and his Clermont
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Canals linked farms and cities.
In 1825, the 363-mile Erie Canal connectedLake
Erie to the Hudson River.
Shipping costs between Buffalo and New York City
plummeted from 100 to 4 per ton.
The resulting rise in commerce pushed New York
Citys population to 800,000 by 1860.
Now linked to markets in the East,Midwest
farmers experienced tremendous growth.
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• The first railroads started in Britain in the
  1820s.
• The United States had 13 miles of track in 1830
  and 31,000 miles by 1860.
• A trip from Detroit to New York City that took 28
  days in 1800 took just 2 days by train in 1857.

Introduction of railroads provided the most
dramatic transportation growth.
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Major Canals, Roads, and Railroads, 1840-1850
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In the 1700s, British factories began using
machines powered by steam or water to spin thread
or weave cloth. This was the start of the
Industrial Revolution. Britain tried to prohibit
the export of industrialtechnology. In 1793,
Samuel Slater, anEnglish emigrant, built a
water-powered mill from memory inPawtucket,
Rhode Island.
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The Industrial Revolution soon transformed the
American economy.
In 1813, Francis Cabot Lowell combined all of the
steps to manufacture cloth in one location in
Waltham, Massachusetts.
Several mills used the family system that
employed parents and children who lived in a
company-owned village.
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In the 1820s, Lowell built his own factory town
of Lowell, Massachusetts. He employed young
single girls from area farms.
Lowell girls lived in closely supervised
boarding houses with strict rules. After several
years, most married.
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Technology changed how people worked and lived.
Work was divided into small tasks, reducing the level of skill or training needed for many jobs. Factory owners profited because unskilled workers were more numerous and could be paid less. In some industries, owners profited by dividing labor even without using new machines.
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• Rather than a skilled artisan making a single
  clock or musket, workers made individual
  components that were later assembled.
• Eli Whitney produced muskets with standardized
  parts. A component from one gun fit any other
  gun.
• Elias Howe and Isaac Singer also used
  interchangeable parts to build sewing machines.

Interchangeable parts improved efficiency.
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In 1837 Samuel F.B. Morse revolutionized
communications with his invention the electric
telegraph.

• The telegraph sent electrical pulsesalong metal
  wires.
• Morse Code used dots and dashes to instantly
  send information for miles.
• By 1860, the United States had 50,000 miles of
  telegraph line.

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Agriculture remained Americas chief industry but
innovations made farms more productive.
New methods More efficient ways to plant, tend, and harvest crops and raise livestock.
New inventions John Deeres steel plow and Cyrus McCormicks mechanical reaper helped double farm productivity by 1860.
New farmland More fertile farms in the Midwest raised production..