Chapter%2029%20Wilsonian%20Progressivism%20at%20Home%20and%20Abroad

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• Chapter 29 Wilsonian Progressivism at Home and
  Abroad

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Election of 1912 Woodrow WilsonDemocrats

• Background
• Progressive Governor of New Jersey
• President of Princeton University
• Reformer , Idealist , Elitist? , stubborn when
  believed was correct

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Election of 1912 Democrats

• Woodrow Wilson
• Platform New Freedom
• Anti-Trust Legislation
• Banking reform
• Tariff reductions
• Shunned social-welfare proposals

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Election of 1912 Progressives or Bull Moosers

• Theodore Roosevelt
• Platform New Nationalism
• Trusts and Labor unions controlled by regulatory
  agencies
• Program of social welfare
• Womens suffrage
• Minimum wage
• Social insurance

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Election of 1912 Republicans

• William H. Taft
• Platform
• To continue moderate Progressivism

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Election of 1912 Results

• Winner Woodrow Wilson
• Wilson was a minority Presidentno mandate
  from the people
• Why?
• Taft and Roosevelt split the vote
• Taft became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
• Socialist Debs got almost a million votes

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Triple Wall of Privilege

• Triple Wall Wilson wanted to attack
• The Tariff
• The Banks
• The Trusts
• Underwood Tariff
• Substantially reduced the
• tariff rates
• The 16th Amendment
• Graduated Income Tax

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Researching Banking Reform

• The nations financial structure, as created
  under the Civil War National Banking Act had
  proven to be glaringly ineffective, asshown by
  the Panic of 1907, so Wilson had Congress
  authorize aninvestigation to fix this.
• The investigation, headed by Senator Aldrich, in
  effect recommended a third Bank of the United
  States.

• Democrats heeded the findings of a House
  committee chaired byCongressman Arsene Pujo,
  which traced the tentacles of the money monster
  into the hidden vaults of American banking and
  business.
• Louis D Brandeiss Other Peoples Money and How
  theBankers Use It (1914) furthermore showed the
  problems of Americanfinances at the time.

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The Federal Reserve Act

• Created Federal Reserve Board
• 12 regional banks that issued Federal Reserve
  notes
• Allowed for flexible money system

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The Federal Trade Commission Act

• Presidential Commission examined interstate
  commerce laws
• Root out unfair trade practices , such as false
  advertising and bribery
• Root out unlawful competition

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Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914

• Outlawed interlocking directories and pure
  discrimination ,
• Magna Carta of the labor movement
• Exempted labor unions from Anti-Trust laws (as
  had been called by Supreme Courts interpretation
  of Sherman Act)
• Legalized strikes and peaceful picketing

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Wilsonian Progressive Acts

• Federal Farm Loan Act
• Federal Government credit for farmers at low
  interest rates
• Warehouse Act of 1916
• Government loans on the security of staple crops
• La Follette Seamans Act of 1915
• Living wage for merchant ships
• Workingmans Compensation Act of 1916
• Disability insurance for civil service employees
• Adamson Act
• 8 hour work day for federal employees

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Black Progressivism/ Louis Brandeis

• Wilson did not do well with Black Progressivism
• Louis Brandeis
• First Jewish Supreme Court Justice

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New Directions in Foreign Policy

• Wilson did not embrace the Dollar Diplomacy and
  Big Stick
• Jones Act
• Made Philippines a territory, promoted
  independence as soon as Philippines had stable
  government , July 4th 1946

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Wilson did act as an aggressor a couple of times

• When California banned Japanese ownership of
  land, Wilson sent Secretary of State William
  Jennings Bryan to plead with legislators and
  tensions cooled.
• When disorder broke out in Haiti in 1915, Wilson
  sent American Marines, and in 1916, he sent
  Marines to quell violence in theDominican
  Republic.
• In 1917, Wilson bought the Virgin Islands from
  Denmark.

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Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico
In 1913 Mexican rebels overthrew a government
friendly to the United States and placed
Victoriano Huerta and Carranza and Pancho Villa
in positions of power in Mexico. President Wilson
refused to recognize the new Mexican government.
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Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico
Wilson ordered Marines to take Vera Cruz
because Mexicans affronted Americans. Carranza
and Huerto protested bitterly. It was finally
mediated by the A.B.C. Powers. Shortly after
Huerto collapsed and was replaced by Carranza
whom President Wilson reluctantly supported.
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Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico

• Meanwhile, Pancho Villa, combination
  bandit/freedomfighter, murdered 16 Americans in
  January of 1916 in Mexico and thenkilled 19 more
  a month later in New Mexico.
• Wilson sent General John J. Pershing to capture
  Villa, and hepenetrated deep into Mexico, clashed
  with Carranzas andVillas different forces, but
  didnt take Villa.
• World War I was starting in Europe

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World War IThe War To End All Wars
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Nationalism

• Devotion to interests, culture of ones nation
• Nationalism leads to competition, antagonism
  between nations
• Many fear Germanys growing power in Europe
• Various Ethnic groups resent domination, want
  independence
• Russia sees self as protector of all Slavic
  peoples

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Imperialism Militarism

• Germany industrializes, competes with France,
  Britain for colonies

• Development of armed forces, their use in
  diplomacy
• Cost of building, defending empires leads to more
  military spending
• Great Britain traditionally had the most powerful
  navy in Europe. Germany began to expand her navy,
  which created tension between the two nations

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INTRICATE AND SOMETIMES SECRET ALLIANCES IN
EUROPE LED TO OBLIGATIONS BUT ALSO DIVIDED
LOYALTIES IF ATTACKED
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY HAD AN AGREEMENT WITH GERMANY WHO
HAD AN AGREEMENT WITH ITALY. OTTOMAN EMPIRE WAS
ALLIED WITH GERMANY AGAINST RUSSIA.
SERBIA HAD AN AGREEMENT WITH RUSSIA WHO HAD AN
AGREEMENT WITH FRANCE WHO HAD AN AGREEMENT WITH
GREAT BRITAIN WHO HAD AN AGREEMENT PROTECT
BELGIUMS NEUTRALITY
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Alliance System

• To protect themselves from each other, countries
  formed alliances
• These alliances held that if one nation was
  attacked, the other nations would defend it
• Triple Entente or ALLIES France, Britain,
  Russia
• Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire are
  CENTRAL POWERS
• Alliances give security nations unwilling to tip
  balance of power

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European Alliances, WWI
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An Assassination Leads to War

• June 28, 1914, Franz Ferdinand the heir to the
  Austria-Hungarian throne travels to Serbia. He
  was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a member of
  an organization called Black Hand, who wanted
  independence for the region from Austria-Hungary.
  
• This assassination touches off a war as it helped
  lead countries to avenge the murder and fulfill
  their alliance obligations.

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Alliances Bring Many Countries into War

• Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia, expects a
  short war
• Alliance system pulls one nation after another
  into war
• Russia came to the aid of Serbia
• Germany then declared war on Russia
• France declared war on Germany
• Germany attacked Belgium (ally of France)
• Britain entered the war to help Belgium France

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ALLIES FRANCE UNITED KINGDOM (AND ALL OF HER
COLONIES) ITALY RUSSIA JAPAN
ROMANIA SERBIA GREECE PORTUGAL
THE WAR BEGAN WITH THE ALLIES VERSUS THE CENTRAL
POWERS AND SIX NEUTRAL NATIONS
NEUTRAL NATIONS SPAIN SWITZERLAND NORWAY
SWEDEN BELGIUM DENMARK
CENTRAL POWERS AUSTRIA-HUNGARY GERMANY BULGARIA TU
RKEY
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The Fighting Starts

• Germanys Schlieffen Plan Hook movement through
  Belgium, defeat France before Russia mobilizes
  then defeat Russia
• Fight one front
• Belgium held off Germany for three weeks France
  and Britain mobilize to Belgium border
• Britain and France on the defensive forced to
  retreat to Marne River
• Allies halt the German advance and both sides dig
  in for a long siege

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Trench Warfare

• By Spring 1915, 2 parallel systems of trenches
  cross France
• 400 miles from North Sea to Switzerland
• No mans land barren expanse of mud between
  opposing trenches
• Scale of killing horrific, fighting inconclusive
• 1.2 million casualties
• Armies fight to gain only yards of ground
• Only 7 miles of ground will change hands

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NO MANS LAND THE AREA BETWEEN THE TRENCHES WAS
THE MOST DANGEROUS PLACE TO BE
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A Precarious Neutrality

• Wilson, whose wife had recently died, issued a
  neutrality proclamation and was promptly wooed by
  both the Allies and the German and
  Austro-Hungarian powers.
• The Germans and Austro-Hungarians counted on
  their relatives inAmerica for support, but the
  U.S. was mostly anti-German from theoutset, as
  Kaiser Wilhem II made for a perfect autocrat to
  hate.

• German and Austro-Hungarian agents in America
  further tarnished the Central Powers image when
  they resorted to violence in Americanfactories
  and ports, and when one such agent left his
  briefcase in aNew York elevator, the contents of
  which were found to contain plansfor sabotage.

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HOW DID MOST AMERICANS FEEL ABOUT JOINING THE WAR
IN EUROPE?

• MOST PEOPLE WANTED TO REMAIN NEUTRAL BECAUSE
• THEY FELT THAT IT WAS NOT OUR FIGHT
• EUROPE WAS TOO FAR AWAY
• WAR WAS EXPENSIVE
• DIVIDED LOYALTIES SINCE WE TRADED WITH BOTH
  GERMANY AND GREAT BRITAIN (AND FRANCE) AND DID
  NOT WANT TO SEVER TIES WITH EITHER ONE BY
  FIGHTING AGAINST THEM

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I Didn't Raise My Boy to Be a Soldier This
popular song of 1915 conveys the antiwar
sentiment that swept America after the European
war began in 1914.
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Americans Question Neutrality

• Socialists, pacifists, many ordinary people
  against U.S. in war
• Naturalized citizens concerned about effect on
  country of birth
• Many feel ties to British ancestry, language,
  democracy, legal system
• U.S. has stronger economic ties with Allies than
  with Central Powers
• Allies are depicted as victims of German
  aggression
• Many join French British militaries

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Really Neutral???

• President Wilson declares America should be
  neutral in fact as well as in name and impartial
  in thought as well as in action.
• Americans trade 23 billion with Allies and only
  29 billion with Central Powers. Largely this
  occurred because of close socio-cultural
  connection with allies and easier trade routes to
  England. (Morgan Loans)
• Lafayette Escadrille

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The History of The Lafayette Escadrille

• The Lafayette Escadrille was a French unit
  comprised mainly of American soldiers who
  volunteered to fight before the United States
  entered World War I.  The group was originally
  known as the American Escadrille , but changed
  name to maintain neutrality.

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Really Neutral???

• Moral Diplomacy
• Wilson believed in freedom of the seas, open
  trade, self determination for ethnic groups, no
  secret alliances, arms reductions and
  Constitutionalism.
• Because Wilson pressed freedom of the seas his
  Secretary of State, William J. Bryan resigned.

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Really Neutral ???

• Wilsons acts towards war before election
• Council on National Defense Act
• Federal board to prepare for war
• National Defense Act of 1916
• Increased army size
• 1916 Navy Act
• Expanded Navy
• 1916 Revenue Act
• Surtax on high incomes/ tax on corporate profits
  for war

1916 Navy Act authorized 50 destroyers built
over a three year period.
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German Submarine warfare

• To break Englands control of the Atlantic,
  Germany depended on their new weapon the
  Submarine (U-Boat in German).

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Warnings issued to Travelers

• Neutral Seas may Not Be Safe

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War on The High Seas
Left The Luistania Right The Sussex

• On May 7, 1915 the Germans sank the Lustiana with
  128 Americans on board. This outraged many
  Americans. Wilson, who believed in freedom of the
  seas, did not want war. Instead, after the
  Germans sank the British liner The Arabic he got
  the Germans to agree to the Arabic pledge which
  stated not to sink ships without warning. After
  the French ship The Sussex was sunk, Germany
  agreed to the Sussex pledge which said the same
  thing as long as England did the same. England
  would not agree or stop their naval blockade of
  Europe.

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Tough Times For Central Powers

• Central powers feeling impact of Englands naval
  blockade
• Russia ready to leave war ( Bolshevik Revolution
  )
• Germany public is getting war weary
• Perhaps Central Powers need one last devastating
  blowespecially if neutral America joins cause of
  Allies

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1916 Presidential Election

• Democrats Woodrow Wilson
• Campaign Slogan He Kept us Out of War
• Republicans Charles E. Evasive Hughes

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Wilson wins because of Solid South and Midwest
areas voting for him