Te???a S?st?

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Te???a S?st?µ?t??

• ?a??a ?a??da
• mka_at_aegean.gr
• ??????S????? ??G????
• ????? ???????O? ?????F?????O? ??? ???????O????O?
  S?S?????O?
• 2? ????e??

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?? e??a? ep?st?µ?

• ?p?st?µ? e??a? µ?a e??t?ta ???se?? p?? ap?te?e?
  ap?t??esµa s?st?µat???? ?a? pe??a???µ???? µe??t??
  a?t??e?µ????, fa???µ???? ? ?e????t??.
• ?? e??a? ???s?
• ? ???s? µp??e? ?a e??a? ß??µat??? (ed???eta? se
  ß??µata ?a? t?? a?s??se??, e??a? ?µes?, e????????
  ?a? p??s?p?pa???) ? ???t??? (e??a? ?µµes?,
  st????eta? st?? ???s? p?? p????pte? ap?
  eµpe???e?, µe ß?s? t?? ?e?t?????e? t?? ??? ?a?
  t?? ???????).
• ? ??ass??? a?t????? ??a t?? ep?st?µ?
  (???st?t????, ?a?t?s??? ?.?p.) st????eta? st?
  ???t??? p?e??? t?? ???s??, e?? ? s???????
  st????eta? st?? pe??aµat??? ?eµe???s? t??.

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?st???a t?? ep?st?µ??

• ?p? t?? a??a??t?ta ??? ta t??? t?? 15?? µ.?. a?.
  ? p??-ep?st?µ????? pe???d?? ?a?a?t????eta? ap?
  ??a µe??µa f???s?f?a? (p??a???e?a-a??st?te????
  pa??d?s?), ?e?????a? ?a? pa?at???s?? t?? ??sµ??
  (?e?µet??a-µa??µat???).
• ?e?e?????a s?µf??a µe t?? ???st?t??? ? f?s????
  ??sµ?? d?at?sseta? s?µf??a µe t? ???t???? t??
  µe?a??te??? d??at?? p??s????s?? p??? t?? ?p??tat?
  s??p?, t? Te?.
• ?p? t?? 16? a?. d?at?p????ta? f?s???? ??µ?? p??
  st??????ta? st?? a???? t?? ???a?????
  (???a????at?a - a?t????at?a).
• ?e afet???a t?? ??sµ?????a, ?a? t??? ??µ??? t??
  ?e?t??a, ? e????a t?? f?s???? ??sµ?? a?t?st???e?
  se a?t? µ?a? µ??a??? ?a? ? pe????af? t?? ???eta?
  se µa??µat??? ???ssa.
• ?a?at???s? pe??aµa -??µ??

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?p?st?µ????? pa??de??µa (? Tet???sµ??)

• ? µ??a????at?a p?? ?e????se ap? t??? ??µ??? t??
  ?e?t??a (µp????µe ?a e????s??µe t?? ??sµ? µe ß?s?
  t??? f?s????? ??µ???) ?d???se st?? ?d?a t??
  a?t????at?a?, t?? s??s?? a?t?a?-ap?te??sµat??,
  t?? a?a????sµ?? (?a?t?s???) ?a? t?? a?a??t????
  s?????.
• S?µf??a µe t? µ??a??st??? p??s????s? ?
  ep?st?µ????? ???s? ep?d???e? t? ???s? d?? t??
  a?t??? ??a ?a p??sd????se? ?????e? µe pa???sµ?a
  ?s??.
• ? µ??a????at?a ?a? ? a?a????sµ?? d?µ???????? t?
  p?a?s?? t?? ??as???? ep?st?µ?????? ??e??a?,
  ???s?µ?p????ta? t? ???ssa t?? µa??µat???? ??
  ßas??? e??a?e??.
• ? ep?st?µ??a? e??a? pa?at???t?? t?? pe???µat??,
  ?a? pe?????fe?, e????e? ?a? e?µ??e?e? ta f?s???
  fa???µe?a.
• ?? pe??aµa ?a?a?t????eta? ap? epa?a????µ?t?ta,
  ??a de? ?f?stata? ? ?????a t?? ?p??e?µe????t?ta?,
  a??? t???? ap????se?? ap?d?d??ta? se at??e?a t??
  d?ad??as?a? ap?de????.

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?a?a?t???st??? ep?st?µ?????? pa?ade??µat??

• ? ?et???sµ?? ?a?a?t????eta? ap? ??p??e? ßas????
  ?d??t?te?
• Tet???sµ?? ??a????sµ?? ?pa?a????µ?t?ta
  ??a?e?s?µ?t?ta

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??a????sµ?? (reductionism)

• G?a ?a µe?et?s??µe t?? p?a?µat???t?ta p??pe? ?a
  af?s??µe e?t?? ped??? µe??t?? t?? ?ept?µ??e?e?
  ?a? ?a ap?µ???s??µe t? a?t??e?µe?? p?? µe?et?µe
  (pe??aµa).
• ?a p??ß??µata p??pe? ?a d?asp??ta? ?a? ???e
  s???st?sa t??? ?a µe?et?ta? ?e????st?.
• Ta p??pe? ?a de????µe t?? p?? ap?? ap? t??
  e????se?? p?? e?????? p????? µ?a ?e???a (p.?.
  ?????e?t???? s?st?µa a?t? t?? ?e??e?t?????).
• Occams razor (William of Ockham, 14?? a???a?),
  Entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter
  necessitatem
• ?e t? s??????st??? t?? a?a????sµ??, ??e? ??
  ep?st?µe? a?????ta? st? f?s???. ?a??de??µa ß?a
  sta s???e?a
• ????????????a ? ????????a ? ???????a ? ??µe?a ?
  F?s???

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?pa?a????µ?t?ta

• G?a ?a d?asfa??ste? ? a?t??e?µe????t?ta t??
  ep?st?µ?? apa?te?ta? ???e pa?at???s? ?a? ???e
  pe??aµa ?a µp??e? ?a epa?a??f?e? (µe t?? ?d??
  a???ß?? t??p?) ap? ?p????d?p?te ep?st?µ??a, µe ta
  ?d?a ap?te??sµata.

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??a?e?s?µ?t?ta (refutability)

• ? ep?st?µ? d?at?p??e? t?? ??se?? t?? (theories,
  statements) µe t?t??? t??p?, ?ste ?a µp????? ?a
  d?a?e?st??? a? e??a? esfa?µ??e?.
• ? ßa??t?ta ?aµp????e? t? ????. ?? ?s??e? a?t?,
  t?te ? ??s? e??? ?st??? st?? ???a?? ?a p??pe? ?a
  fa??eta? ?t? a????e?, e?? ? ????a p?? t?
  ???t????µe e??a? t?t??a, ?ste ?? ??at?? a?t??e?
  f?t?? ?a pe????e ???t? ap? t?? ????.

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?µf?sß?t?s? ep?st?µ?????? pa?ade??µat??

• ?? ep?st?µ????? pa??de??µa de d??e? ??a??p???t???
  s?µpe??sµata ?ta? efa?µ??eta? st? ß??????a ?a?
  t?? ep?st?µe? t?? s?µpe??f???? (????????????a,
  ????????a, ?.?p.)
• ?.?. e?a?t?µ??a a?ta?a??ast???

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?e?????sµ?? ??as???? ep?st?µ?????? s?????

• ? µ??a??st??? p??s????s? de µp??e? ?a
  a?t?µet?p?se? t?? ???a??µ??? s?µp????t?ta
  p???p????? d?µ??.
• ?e µp??e? ?a e?µ??e?se? p????? fa???µe?a ?p?? ?
  ??????s?, s??t???s?, ???µ?s? ?a? ???e? ß?????????
  d?e??as?e?.
• ?e µe?et? ta a?t??e?µe?a ?a? ta fa???µe?a
  sfa????? ?a? ???st???.
• ?e???e?te? st? µe??t? s?µpe??f???? ???ta???
  ???a??sµ?? p?? ep?d?????? ??p??? s??p?.

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?e?????sµ?? ??as???? ep?st?µ?????? s????? st?
µe??t? ?????????? fa???µ????

• ?? "a?t??e?µe??" t?? pa?at???s?? (?????p??)
  pa?at??e? t?? pa?at???t?!
• ?? ap?µ???se?? ??a? ? pe??ss?te???? a????p??? ap?
  t?? ????????? pe??ß?????, t?te ? s?µpe??f??? t???
  a??????eta?.
• ???e ????????? ?µ?da e??a? d?af??et??? se
  d?af??et???? ???????? st??µ??.

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??a??a?t???? p??se???se?? ???sµ??

• ? µe??t? µ?a? s???et?? ??t?t?ta? ?? e??a?? ????
  ???µ??eta? ???sµ?? (holism).
• Teµe???d?? a??? e??a? ? d?µ??????a ???t?t??.
• ? p??s????s? a?t? ??e? t?? ???e? t?? st??
  a??a??t?ta (???st?t????)
• ??s???a a???p???s?µ? p??s????s?, ?d??e? se
  µ???µ??e?a

• t? ???? e??a? µe?a??te?? ap? t? ?????sµa t??
  µe??? (?et? ta F?s???, t?µ?? 11)

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??a??a?t???? p??se???se?? S?st?µ??? S????
(Te???a S?st?µ?t??)

• ? s?st?µ??? s???? ?e????se ap? t?? ???sµ?, a???
  d?af???p??????e stad?a??, ?ts? ?ste ?a af??? t?
  µe??t? ?a? t?? µe??? ?a? t?? ???? ?a? ?a
  eµpe????e?e? t?? e??a?a a?t?µet?p?s? a????a???
  ?a? ???ta??? ????
• ?p??t?se ???µa st?? e???st? a???a a????? µe t?
  µe??t? s???et?? ß????????? fa???µ???? ?a?
  a???te?a µe ????????? ?a? ???a fa???µe?a, ?a?
  d?aµ??f????e st? ß?s? t?? ßas???? a???? p?? e??e
  d?at?p?se? ? ?e?µa??? f???s?f?? Hegel (1812).
• ?? ???? e??a? pe??ss?te?? ap? t? ?????sµa t??
  µe???
• ?? ???? ?a?????e? t? f?s? t?? µe???
• ?a µ??? de? µp????? ?a ?ata??????? a?e???t?ta ap?
  t? ????
• ?a µ??? a?????s?s?et????ta? ?a? a????ep?d????
  d??aµ???

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??? p??????e ? Ge???? Te???a S?st?µ?t??

• ? Te???a S?st?µ?t?? p??t????e ap? t? ???????
  Ludwig von Bertalanffy t? 1936 ?a? epe?t????e st?
  s????e?a ap? t?? Ross Ashby.
• ? von Bertalanffy p??te??e t? ??a ?e???a afe???
  ?? a?t?d?as? st?? a?a????sµ? (reductionism) ?a?
  afet???? ?? p??sp??e?a a?aß??s?? t?? e??t?ta? t??
  ep?st?µ??.
• ?p?st????e ?t? ta p?a?µat??? s?st?µata e??a?
  a????t? ?a? a????ep?d???? µe t? pe??ß????? t???,
  ?a??? ?a? ?t? ap??t??? p???t??? d?af??et????
  ?d??t?te? µe ap?t??esµa t? s??e?? e??????.

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??? p??????e ? Ge???? Te???a S?st?µ?t??

• St?? a???? t?? de?aet?a? t?? 1950 ??p????
  ep?st?µ??e? pa?at???sa? ?t? ??a ta s?st?µata
  ????? ??p??e? ?????? a???? ?a? ??µ??? p?? d??p???
  t? s?µpe??f??? t???.
• ?? a?t? ?s??e?, t?te µp??e? ?a ?p???e? ??a? ????
  ep?st?µ?????? ???d?? p?? ?a µe?et?e? ta
  s?st?µata. ?d? ? ??ße???t??? µ????se ??a t?
  µe??t? t?? ep????????a? ?a? t?? e?????? µe t??
  ?d?? t??p? ?a? st??? ???ta???? ???a??sµ??? ?a?
  st?? µ??a???.
• ?? 1954, ??a? ß??????? (Ludwig von Bertalanffy)
  ??a? ??????µ?????? (Kenneth Boulding), ??a?
  µa??µat???? (Anatol Rapaport) ?a? ??a? f?s???????
  (Ralph Gerald) s??a?t????ta? st?? et?s?a
  s?????t??s? t?? American Association for the
  Advancement of Science (AAAS) ?a? ?d????? t??
  ?ta??e?a ??a t? Ge???? Te???a S?st?µ?t??
  (Society for General Systems Theory).

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?as???? st???? t?? G.T.S. ? e??t?ta t?? ep?st?µ??

• S?µf??a µe t?? von Bertalanffy
• ?p???e? µ?a ?e???e?µ??? t?s? e??p???s?? µeta??
  t?? ep?st?µ??, f?s???? ?a? ??????????.
• ? e??p???s? a?t? ap?te?e? ?e?t???? s?µe?? ??a t?
  Ge???? Te???a S?st?µ?t??.
• ?e t?? a??pt??? ßas???? a???? p?? d?at??????
  ???eta t? ???? t?? d?af??et???? ep?st?µ?? ?
  G.T.S. µa? f???e? e???te?a st? st??? t??
  e??p???s?? t?? ep?st?µ??.
• ?? d?? t?se??, e??p???s? ?a? e?e?d??e?s?, ?p???a?
  ?a? ?p?????? p??ta st?? ep?st?µ?.

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? e?????? t?? s?st?µ???? p??s????s??
1? f?s? (..??? t? ? ?a??. ???eµ?) ???d??µ?? t?? s?st?µ???? s????? ???t??a?, ???st?t????, Poincare, Durkeim, de Saussure, von Bertalanffy
2? f?s? (? ?? ??? a???? 50) ?µfas? st?? p?a?t???? efa?µ???? µe st??? t?? ep????t?s? ?p??e???s?a?? ??e??a (?p???? ?a? ep??e???s?a?? s?st?µata, ??????µ??? t?? ep??e???se??), S?st?µ??? a????s? (?e???a ap?f?se??), ?p?st?µ????? p???t??? (???a??, p???t???)
3? f?s? (50-60) Hard Systems ??t?µet?p?s? a?ta????sµ?? ?pe?d???µe?? ??ße???t???, Te???a ??aµµ???? s?st?µ?t??, G.T.S., Systems engineering
4? f?s? (70-80) Soft systems ??t?µet?p?s? ???se?? (pet?e?a???? ???se??, ?at???e?s? ?SS?) Systems Dynamics, ????t??? (µ? ??aµµ???) µ??t??a, pa???sµ?a d??t?a, ?????????? µ??t??a
5? f?s? (90-...) S??d?asµ??e? ??ße???s?st?µ???? p??se???se?? ??t?µet?p?s? ap??sd???t?? Te???a ?????, Fuzzy logic, ?e???t? ???µ?s???, ?e???-ß??-????????? s?st?µata,
?e??? ?., ??ße???s?st?µ???? p??se???se?? st??
e?pa?de?s?, S?st?µ??? Te???a ?a? ??a?t???,
??e?d????µ?? 2008, se?. 57-89
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?p?st?µ????? pa??de??µa S?st?µ??? ???s????s?
??? a?t?µet?p??eta? t? a?t??e?µe?? t?? ??e??a? ??a??eta? ?a? ap?µ????eta? t? e????st? µ???? t??, ?? ?d??t?te? t?? ?p???? p?ste?eta? ?t? e?µ??e???? t? ???. ?e?et?ta? t? s?????. ??a??????eta? ?t? ap? t? ??? a?ad???ta? ?d??t?te? d?af??et???? ap? t? ?????sµa t?? µe???.
??e???t??? e??t?µa ?? e??a? t? a?t??e?µe??. ?? ???e? t? s?st?µa.
??e???t???? st???? ??e??es? ??aµµ???? a?t??d??? s??s?? (??µet??e?a?). ??apa??stas? t?? s?µpe??f???? t?? s?st?µat??.
?ed?? efa?µ???? ??d??? a?? ep?st?µ????? ???d?. ??ep?st?µ?????
????? t?? e?e???t? Teat?? t?? p?a?µat???t?ta? G??st?? t?? a???e?a? ????? t?? ?p? e??tas? s?st?µat??, e?e??e? µe st??? t? ße?t??s? t?? s?st?µat??.
?e??? ?., ??ße???s?st?µ???? p??se???se?? st??
e?pa?de?s?, S?st?µ??? Te???a ?a? ??a?t???,
??e?d????µ?? 2008, se?. 57-89