SCIENCE Benchmark REVIEW

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SCIENCE Benchmark REVIEW
Good Luck Bulldogs! You Can "Do it"!
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• Remember you can only have one independent
  variable in an experiment.(The thing you are
  testing and change). The independent variable
  goes on the x-axis when graphed.
• All other parts of the experiment must remain the
  same (Constants)
• The result you MEASURE is called the Dependent
  variable. The dependent variable goes on the y
  axis when graphed.

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Motion Forces
Amusement Park Forces
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Physics

• 8.6a- Demonstrate and calculate how unbalanced
  forces change the speed and direction of an
  objects motion.

Activities Gizmo Force and Fan Carts Lab Car
ramps (clay on string, and added weight to
car) Lab Newtons Cart lab Pennies in film
canister and you burned the string?
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What is a Force?

• FORCE Any push or pull which causes something
  to move or change its speed or direction

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What is a Force?

• Forces can be BALANCED or UNBALANCED
• Balanced forces are equal in size and opposite in
  direction
• unbalanced forces are not equal in size and/or
  opposite in direction. If the forces on an
  object are UNBALANCED, we say a NET force
  results.

Amusement Park Forces
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Friction is a Resistance Force

• Friction A force that opposes or slows down
  motion
• Caused by the physical contact between moving
  surfaces
• The amount of friction depends upon the kinds of
  surfaces and the force pressing the surfaces
  together
• Changes motion into heat

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If you have 30N of force pulling left and another
20N of force pushing left, what is the total
amount of force and in which direction?
50 N to the Left.
What would be the best description of the net
force between a woman and the chair she is
sitting in?
0N because the forces are balanced
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What is the net force on the box below?
5N right
Luis pushes a toy race car down the floor to the
left with 5N of force. Jonathon then pushes the
race car in the same direction with another 6N of
force. Which direction did the race car move and
with how much force?
11 N left
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What is Friction?

• What are some ways athletes uses friction?

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Forces affect Motion

• They can make objects start moving.
• They can make objects move faster.
• They can make objects move slower.
• They can make objects stop moving.
• They can make objects change direction.
• They can make objects change shape.

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Physics

• 8.6b- Differentiate between speed, velocity and
  acceleration
• Activities
• -Motion detector Lab
• -Catch the Cheetah graph matching

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What is Motion?

• Motion A change in position of an object
  compared to a reference point
• Motion involves all of the following

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What is Motion?
Speed
The rate of change in position
Speed distance time or
Distance Time
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Speed
A ladybug crawls a distance of 50 centimeters in 20 seconds. What is the ladybugs average speed?
Speed distance time or
Distance Time
50/20 2.5 cm/sec
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What is Motion?
Velocity
Speed plus direction
Example 50 km/hour north
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What is Motion?
Acceleration
The rate of change in velocity Positive acceleration speeding up Negative acceleration slowing down (decelerate)

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Interpret The Graph Below
The graph shows an object which is not moving (at
rest).
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Interpret The Graph Below
The objects are moving at a constant velocity- a
is moving faster than b because it has a greater
slope
a
b
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Interpret The Graph Below
an object moving with constant velocity towards
you
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Interpret The Graph Below
Curve line up shows acceleration
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Interpret The Graph Below
Curve lines up show acceleration in Red and
Deceleration in black
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Interpret The Graph Below
The graph showsthat the objects velocity does
not change as time passes. It shows constant
velocity.
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Interpret The Graph Below
The graph showsthat the objects velocity is
increasing as time passes it is accelerating.
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Newton's Laws of Motion
8.6c-Investigate and describe application of
Newtons Laws of Motion Activities -Lab
Stations- roller coaster, film canister rockets,
crash car with toy doll, and putting golf
balls - Force, mass and acceleration of a BB and
marble -Newtons Cart Lab-
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Newton's Laws of Motion

• First Law(Law of Inertia) An object at rest
  stays at rest or an object in motion, stays in
  motion (in the same direction/at the same speed)
  unless acted upon by an unbalanced force

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• Inertia
• The tendency of an object to resist any change in
  its motion
• The greater the mass the greater the inertia
• The greater the speed the greater the inertia

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Examples of Newtons 1st Law(do not copy)
a) car suddenly stops and you strain against the
seat belt b) when riding a horse, the horse
suddenly stops and you fly over its head c) the
magician pulls the tablecloth out from under a
table full of dishes d) the difficulty of
pushing a dead car e) lawn bowling on a cut and
rolled lawn verses an uncut lawn f) car turns
left and you appear to slide to the right
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Newton's Laws of Motion

• Second law (Law of Force and Acceleration)
• The greater the force, the greater the
  acceleration
• The greater the mass, the greater the force
  needed for the same acceleration
• Calculated by F ma
• (F force, m mass, a acceleration)

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Examples of Newtons 2nd Law of Force and
Acceleration(do not copy)
a) hitting a baseball, the harder the hit, the
faster the ball goes b) accelerating or
decelerating a car c) The positioning of
football players - massive players on the line
with lighter (faster to accelerate) players in
the backfield d) a loaded versus an unloaded
truck
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Newton's Laws of Motion

• Third law (Law of Action-Reaction) For every
  action force, there is an equal and opposite
  reaction force. (Forces are always paired)

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Examples of Newtons 3rd Law

• rockets leaving earth
• guns being fired
• c) two cars hit head on
• d) jumping out of a boat onto the dock

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Examples of Newtons 3rd Law
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Potential Energy (PE)- Energy of position Kinetic
Energy (KE)- Energy of motion
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Always check the margin titles of any graph to
help you answer questions.
Speeding up or accelerating
Moving at a steady Rate or pace
Speed (m/s)
Distance (m)
Moving at a steady Rate or pace
Not moving
Time (sec)
Time (sec)
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Chemistry

• 8.5a- Describe the structure of atoms, including
  the masses, electrical charge and locations, of
  protons, and neutrons in the nucleus and
  electrons in the electron cloud.
• Activities
• -Building atom models
• - Drawing Bohr models and building the periodic
  table

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Atomic ( of Protons)
Element Name
Element Symbol
Atomic Mass ( of Protons of Neutrons)
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Name of subatomic particle Charge of Particle Where it is found Size/mass
proton Positive () inside the nucleus- identifies the atom 1 atomic mass unit
electron Negative (-) in electron cloud / orbiting around nucleus- determines reactivity of element Almost zero 1/1836 amu (very small!)
neutron Neutral (0) inside the nucleus- just adds mass/weight 1 atomic mass unit
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1st2 2nd8 3rd8
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13!
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Atomic Mass 26.982 -- Atomic Number 13
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8.5b- Identify that protons determine an
elements identity and valence electrons determine
its chemical properties including reactivity.
Groups
Protons atomic numberelements identity
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Group of Valence Electrons
Look at the number in front of the A
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Group of Valence Electrons
Elements in the same group have similar
properties and reactivity because they have the
same valence. A stable valence is 8 for all
elements except Hydrogen and Helium. A stable
valence for these elements is 2. As you move
down the group elements become more reactive
because they have more electron energy levels.
The electrons are farther away from the nucleus.
Group 18 is unreactive because all elements have
a full valence shell!!
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METALLOIDS
METALS
NONMETALS
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8.5c-interpret the arrangement of the periodic
table, including groups and periods, to explain
how properties are used to classify elelments
Groups valence electrons
Periods
Tells the of electron rings
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Chemical Reactions
8.5e- investigate how evidence of chemical
reactions indicate that new substances with
different properties are formed. Activity Lab
Evidence of chemical reactions.

• Chemical Property- ability of an element or
  compound to react with another substance. Key
  words oxidation, reactivity, flammability

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Clues that indicate a chemical reaction

1. The production of a gas. Evidence bubbles, odor
2. A Change in temperature (can be an increase or
   decrease)
3. Production of a precipitate- (makes a solid,
   often looks like a powder)
4. A color change- Clear Clear different
   color

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8.5d- Recognize that chemical formulas are used
to identify substances and determine the number
of atoms of each element in chemical formulas
containing subscripts.
What elements are in this compound? Copper,
Sulfur, Oxygen How many atoms of each? Copper2,
Sulfur2, Oxygen8 Total number of atoms12
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Chemistry

• 8.5f- Recognize whether a chemical equation
  containing coefficients is balanced or not and
  how that relates to the law of conservation of
  mass
• Activities
• -Build me balance me
• -Balancing equations worksheets

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The Law of Conservation of Mass

• States that matter can neither be created nor
  destroyed.
• Atoms do not disappear in a chemical reaction!
  they rearrange themselves into the new
  substances (products).
• Equations have to be balanced with coefficients
  (representing the of molecules) in order to
  support this law.
• The of atoms of each element must be the same
  on both sides of the equation!
• Multiply the coefficient by the subscript to
  calculate number of atoms.

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Photosynthesis Equation Example
H20 C02 C6H1206
02 unbalanced
6H20 6C02 C6H1206
602 balanced
H 12 O12 6 18 C6
C6 H 12 O6 12 18
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Astronomy
8.8a- Describe components of the universe
including stars, nebulae, and galaxies, and use
models such as the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram
for classification. 8.8b. Recognize that the
Sun is a medium sized star near the edge of a
disc-shaped galaxy of stars and that the Sun is
many thousands of times closer to Earth than any
other star. 8.8c. Explore how different
wavelengths of the electro-magnetic spectrum such
as light and radio waves are used to gain
information about distances and properties of
components in the universe. 8.8d- Model and
describe how light years are used to measure
distances and sizes in the universe.
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AstronomyNotes
Image From http//www.astronomy-pictures.net/spi
ral_galaxy.jpg
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Stars
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• An object made of gas that gives off energy
• mainly hydrogen
• helium
• The Sun
• medium in size life span compared to other
  stars
• primary energy source for all processes on Earth
• much closer to Earth than any other star!
• about 4 ½ billion years old

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H-R Diagram Shows the relationship between
color, temperature, magnitude size of stars.

• Color temperature
• Magnitude how bright

• Our Sun is a main sequence star.

Magnitude
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Black Dwarf
Iike our Sun!
Nebula
1. Large cloud of gas dust where stars form.
2. Gravity pulls material into a sphere that
becomes dense, hot ignites.
4. Outer layers come off
5. Collapses to just its core
or
3. Expands
Explodes!
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Galaxy
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• A large grouping of stars in space.
• 3 types
• Spiral bulge in center distinctive spiral
  arms
• Example Our galaxy, The Milky Way
• Our solar system is located within an arm
• Elliptical spherical or elongated
• Irregular

1
2
3
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Light Year
A measure of how long it takes light to travel
through space in one year.
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Image From http//uniqhorns.com/images/milkyway.
gif Definition www.thefreedictionary.com
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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The range of all the waves that can travel
through matter as well as empty space.
Scientists use different portions of the spectrum
to learn about the universe. Ex light waves
can tell us what elements stars are made if
they are moving away or towards other objects.
Image From http//www.lcse.umn.edu/specs/labs/ima
ges/spectrum.gif Definition www.thefreedictionar
y.com
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Space Cycle Notes
Created by Harris Middle School
8.7b- demonstrate and predict the sequence of
events in the lunar cycle 8.7c- Relate the
position of the moon and Sun to their effect on
ocean tides 8.7a- Model and illustrate how the
tilted Earth rotates on its axis, causing day and
night and revolves around the Sun causing changes
in the seasons.
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Moon
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• A natural satellite of a planet.
• The outer planets have many of them!

Image From http//sos.noaa.gov/images/Solar_Syst
em/moon.jpg Definition www.thefreedictionary.c
om
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Lunar Cycle
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• Full moon all of surface facing Earth is
  illuminated ( lit) by the Sun
• New moon moon is between Earth Sun, so lit
  portion is facing away from Earth
• Waxing moon lit portion growing
• Waning moon lit portion decreasing
• Gibbous moon larger than ½
• Crescent moon smaller than ½

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Tides

• Tide daily rise fall in ocean water level
• high and low tides occur twice daily
• high tides are caused by the gravitational pull
  of the moon sun, causing the ocean water to
  bulge away from the Earth
• the moon has a greater impact because it is closer

High tide occurs on the side facing the moon,
but it also occurs on the opposite side. This is
because the moon is also pulling the Earth away
from the water on the other side.
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Low Tide
Tidal bulge
High Tide
High Tide
Gravitational pull of the moon
Low Tide
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moon and sun pull together largest tides
moon and sun pull against each other weakest
tides
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Rotation vs. Revolution
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• Rotation
• spin of object on its axis
• rotates counter-clockwise west to east
• why sun appears to rise in the east and set in
  the west
• for Earth 24 hrs. 1 day
• responsible for day vs. night

• Revolution
• also called an orbit
• path of one object around another
• Earth around sun 365 days 1 year
• moon around Earth 1 month

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• The Earth is tilted on its axis by 23.5.
• As a result, the hemisphere that is tilted toward
  the sun receives more direct sunlight more
  heat.
• causes longer daylight hours
• hotter temperatures summer!
• The hemisphere tilted away from the sun
  experiences winter.

The TILT is the reason for seasons!
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For the Northern Hemisphere!
least daylight hours
most daylight hours
Equal hours of day and night
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Weather Climate Unit Notes
8.10a- recognize that the Sun provides the energy
that drives convection within the atmosphere and
oceans, producing winds and ocean
currents 8.10b- identify how global patterns of
atmospheric movement influence local weather
using weather maps that show high and low
pressures and fronts 8.10c- identify the role of
the oceans in the formation of weather systems
such as hurricanes.
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Radiant Energy from the Sun

• Radiant energy drives changes in weather
  creates different climates.
• Weather changes from day to day.
• Climate a regions general pattern of weather
  over a long period of time.
• The equator receives the most direct angle of
  sunlight, creating the warmest climates.

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cool air (or water) is more dense than warm, so
it sinks, creating currents by convection
Heating differences causes there to be different
air masses.
sun heats land and oceans by radiation
land/ocean heats the air above it by conduction
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Air movements create weather changes.

• Air mass A body of air that has similar
  pressure, temperature, humidity.
• Different air mass pressures cause wind.
• Air moves from high to low pressure areas.
• Generally blow from poles toward equator
• Weather often changes when air pressure changes
• A front is where two air masses meet or collide

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Warm air rises, decreasing the air pressure.
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Land-Ocean Interactions

• Land heats up faster than water ( the ocean).
• The air over the land will also heat quickly.
• Warm air rises, starting a convection current.
• This brings moist ocean air inland.
• Ocean air holds a lot of water vapor.
• Warm air can also hold more water vapor.
• When air cools, it may no longer be able to hold
  on to all of the water vapor, forming clouds
  precipitation.

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Vocab !
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• Oceans can also influence weather in extreme
  ways, such as in the formation of hurricanes.
• A low pressure tropical storm that forms over
  ocean water.
• Oceans impact climate because they heat and cool
  slowly (good insulator!).
• Land near the ocean is often warmer in winter and
  cooler in summer, meaning inland climates differ
  from those near the ocean at the same latitude.
• Oceans also impact climate via currents

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Current movement of water in the ocean

• Surface currents are affected by -
• Winds
• Continental deflections
• Coriolis Effect following the
• curve of the Earth as it rotates
• Deep ocean currents are affected by -
• Temperature differences (density)
• Salinity differences (density)

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• Movement of currents is constant and creates
  a global conveyor belt that transfers heat from
  one part of the Earth to another via water.

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• Ocean currents can bring in air of a different
  temperature that makes one area on Earth warmer
  than another at the same latitude
• Example Gulf Stream brings warm air into
  England, making it warmer than Nova Scotia,
  Canada at the same latitude.

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L Low pressure, cloudy and often rainy
conditions H High pressure, clear and pleasant
skies. High means dry When fronts move thru of
extreme temperatures you often get
thunderstorms. Cold fronts move from poles
toward equator- have triangle flags (think
icicles) Warm fronts move from equator toward
poles- have half circle flags (think rising sun)