Consolidation of Sovereign States

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Consolidation of Sovereign States

• Influences of the
  Enlightenment

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Essential Questions

• What was the impact of the Reformation on the
  development of capitalism?
• What role did the government play in the
  development of capitalism?
• What impact did the development of capitalism
  have on political philosophies?
• What was the impact of the enlightenment on
  economics, politics, society, religion?

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Constitutional States

• Constitutional States
• England Netherlands
• Parliament Representative Assemblies
• Prominent merchant class
• Commercial empires
• Overseas
• Extraordinary prosperity
• Fair distribution of wealth

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Absolute Monarchies

• Absolute Monarchies
• France Spain Prussia Austria - Russia
• Theoretical foundation
• Divine right of kings
• Cardinal Richelieu
• Architect of Absolutism
• Loius XIV Sun King
• Large standing army
• Luxury circus

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Parliamentary Absolutism
Cardinal Richelieu
Louis XIV
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Which 2 have none?
 Nations with bicameral legislatures.
Nations with unicameral legislatures.  No
legislature.
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Peace of Westphalia 1648

• States regarded as sovereign equal
• Peace did not end war
• Balance of power alliances were
  created
• Arms race among states
• European arms out perform all others
  globally

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English Revolution

• King vs. Parliament
• Charles vs. Cromwell
• Oliver Cromwell
• Military rule
• Dissolves Parliament
• Politicization of Calvinism
• Puritanism

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Influence of Absolutism

• Russia
• Czar Caesar
• Ivan IV Terrible
• Peter the Great
• Westernized Russian
  Monarchy
• Boyars
• Russian aristocracy

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Limited Monarchy England

• Glorious Revolution
• Wm. Of Orange Mary
• Invited to take the
  throne
• Protestants

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Economic Impact of Reformation

• Capitalism
• Private enterprise
• Market forces
• Supply demand
• Networks
• Transportation
  communication

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Government Impact Economics

• Government role
• Protect private property
• Settle disputes
• Charter joint-stock companies
• Authorized exploration colonization - conquer

• Service institutions
• Banks
• Insurance
• Stock exchanges

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Proto-Industrialization

• Entrepreneurs
• Side-step guilds
• Out-source labor
• Rural districts
• Cheap labor

British Enclosure Act Forced peasants off the
land in order to raise sheep for textile industry.
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Which of these reasons do you buy? Why?
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Profits Ethics

• Medieval theologians believed
• Profit-making gt morally dangerous
• Proponents of Capitalism
• Adam Smith gt prosperity
  self-interest
• Downside of Capitalism
• Deep strain on social system
• Bandits Muggers - Witch-hunts
• Upside of Capitalism
• Nuclear families independent economically
  socially emotionally.

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Scientific Revolution

• Galileo Galilei
• Who invented?
• Sun spots
• Moons of Jupiter
• Law of Inertia

• Copernicus
• On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
• Sun not Earth centered universe
• Heliocentricity

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Galileo
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Ptolemaic Universe
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Copernicus
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Scientific Revolution

• Isaac Newton 1642-1727
• Mathematical Principles of Natural
  Philosophy 1686
• Gravitational law physics
• Direct observation mathematical reasoning

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Impact of Science on Society

• ENLIGHTENMENT
• Popularized by French philosophes
• Wrote histories novels dramas satires
  pamphlets on religion, morality, politics
• Voltaire
• Attacked Church French Monarchy
• Deism
• God exists but universe operates on rational and
  natural laws

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Deists

• Franklin
• Washington
• Jefferson
• Thomas Paine
• Ethan Allen
• Monroe

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Philosophes
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
John Locke
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Impact on Political Theory

• Enlightenment
• Natural laws govern society
• mirror Newton
• Montesquieu
• Political science political liberty

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Impact on Political Theory

• JOHN LOCKE
• Natural Rights
• Life Liberty - Property
• Social Contract
• b/w people government
• People obligated to obey government only if
  government protects natural rights

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Significance Enlightenment

• Weakened influence of organized religion
• Promoted secular values
• source reason rather than revelation
• Promoted rational analysis
• Promoted progress prosperity

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Enduring Question

• How can we measure the impact of the
  Enlightenment on the West?
• How has the Enlightenment influenced the
  development of democracy and capitalism in
  America?