Title: Planet Motion
1Planet Motion
2Models of the Solar System
- The Ancient Greeks believed in the geocentric
model. - In the geocentric model, the Earth was at the
center of the universe and that the stars consist
of two spheres one that was consistently spun
around the Earth and one that seemed to wander
(planet translates to wandering star)
3Ancient Greek (Ptolemy) Geocentric model
4- The Ancient Romans did not seek out much in terms
of science about the cosmos. - They did however name three days of the week
after it - Saturday Saturn
- Sunday Sun
- Monday Moon
- (The other four were named after Norse gods Tiu,
Woden, Thor, Friya)
5- In the geocentric model, the solar system would
have been arranged in the following order
6A map of the Geocentric model
7Copernicus
- In 1543, Copernicus came up with the heliocentric
model - Stated that the moon revolved around the Earth
and all of the planets revolved around the sun.
(Helios was the Greek god of the Sun.) - Did not count on ellipses and thus his model
could not accurately predict the location of the
planets and was not widely accepted
8Galileo
- Found that Venus has phases much like our moon
- Found that Jupiter has moons that revolve around
it. - This evidence further supported the heliocentric
model. - He invented the modern telescope and was the
first person to document sunspots. - Was forced by the church to recant all his
findings 6/22/1623
9Kepler
- Mathematician who took the work of other
astronomers and put it together. - Found that the paths of planets were ellipses
- Planets travel at different speeds.
10Understanding the Solar System
- In the early 1600s, a German mathematician
Johannes Kepler calculated the speeds of the
planets and found that they were ellipses. - He also learned that the speed of each of the
planets was different and the outer planets took
much longer to orbit the Sun (Mercury88 days,
Saturn 29.5 years).
11- In the heliocentric model, the solar system would
have been arranged in the following order
12- Scientists now use two units to measure distance
in space - one is the astronomical unit which is equal to
the average distance between the Earth and the
Sun, and the light year which is the distance
traveled by light in space in one year. (L.Y.
9.5 Trillion km)
13- By definition, there are eight planets which
consist of four terrestrial planets which are
closer to the Sun and four gaseous giant planets
which are further away. The terrestrial and gas
planets are separated by a belt of rocky debris
known as the asteroid belt. - Beyond the orbit of the gas giants are no less
than 100 small planet-like objects known as
planetoids (including Pluto).
14- The solar system also contains a sizable
collection of meteors, comets, and belts of rocky
materials that also orbit the Sun. - The solar system is thought to have formed from a
condensing cloud of gas and dust known as a
nebula. As the cloud contracted, it became
super-heated and created our Sun. The remaining
dust and gasses condensed into the planets.
15Other Solar systems
- So far, over 300 stars have been found to have
planetary systems. - Upsilon Andromedae is one star with planets
around it.
16The Inner Planets
17Planets near the Sun
- The solar wind and heat have all but stripped
most of the gases and lighter elements off of the
terrestrial planets.
(Planet size ratio is not accurate)
18Mercury
- Smallest of the planets size of our moon
- Has no atmosphere
- Surface temperatures vary from 427C to -170C
19Mercury
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23Mercury view from sun
24Venus
- Size and mass similar to Earth
- Surface pressure is 92x greater than Earth
- Atmosphere is almost entirely CO2
- Surface temperatures vary from 450C to 475C
- RETROGRADE ROTATION Backwards rotation of a
planet
25Venus
26Venus
- As pictured
- by
- Magellan
- spacecraft
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28- It takes 223 days for Venus to revolve.
- Rotation takes 243 days! Notice something????
- Thousands of volcanoes
- Silicon and Oxygen in crust
29The Surface of Venus
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32Radar Images of Surface
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34Venus in front of the sun
35Earth
36Earth
- Allows water to exist as a solid, liquid, and a
gas - Atmosphere burns up most meteors before they hit
the ground - Ozone in the atmosphere protects the life from
U.V. rays - Temp. range -88 to 58C
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38Mars
- Known as the red planet due to the high level of
iron oxide (rust) - Has polar ice caps
- Appears to have once had flowing water on its
surface - Mars is tilted 25 on its axis and has seasons
- Atmosphere is mostly CO2 and does not filter out
harmful rays - Surface temperatures vary from 37C to -123C
- Mars has two small moon Deimos and Phobos
- ½ size of Earth!
39Mars
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41NASA on Mars
- NASA sent probes to Mars in the 1970s and 80s but
much more detailed information has come from the
Mars Rovers Spirit and Opportunity - In 1996, structures identical in nature to some
bacteria were found fossilized in a fragment of
rock from Mars.
42Mars Rover
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45A Face on Mars?
46How Disappointing!
47Evidence of Water?
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51Sunset on Mars
52Olympus Mons Largest Volcano in Solar System
- Three times taller than Mt. Everest
- 342 miles across
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54What do the inner planets have in common?
- small
- Planets with a solid surface are called
terrestrial - Contain iron cores
- Crust contains heavier elements
55The Outer Planets
56The Outer Planets
- Why are the outer planets so different?
- The outer planets have large amounts of lighter
elements such as H and He. - Are not as affected by the solar wind than the
inner planets
57Jupiter
- Is the largest planet
- Composed of hydrogen and helium SIMILAR TO THE
SUN! - As you get closer to the surface, the pressure is
equal to 50 million Earth atmospheres and the
temperature is apx. 20,000C - Thin rings
58- Has continuous storms that cause swirls in the
atmosphere - Has more than 60 moons, of which Io, Europa,
Ganymede, and Callisto are thought to have water
and conditions possible for life to occur
59Jupiter
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61Jupiterwith moons
62Comet that struck surface in 94
63Eclipses on Jupiter
64Aurora on Jupiter
65Saturn
- Saturn is the second largest planet HYDROGEN AND
HELIUM! - Has rings made of chunks of rocks and ice
- Has 53 moons
- The largest is Titan
66Saturn
67Saturn Edge View
68Saturn Surface
69Saturn Aurora
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71Uranus
- Axis is tilted on its side (north to south)
- Has a blue/green color due to its methane
atmosphere - Has 27 moons
72Uranus
73Uranuswith rings
74Infrared Image of Uranus
75Neptune
- Was actually predicted by mathematical
calculations before it was ever seen (It was
known that an object was affecting Uranus orbit) - Has blue color due to methane in its atmosphere
- Has 13 moons
- The largest is Triton
- Has poles covered in ice
- Has eruptions
76Neptune
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78The Great Dark Spot
79What do the outer planets have in common?
- Large and gaseous
- Have rings
- H and He make up atmospheres
- Many moons
- Iron cores
80Planetoids (Pluto)
- Is smaller than the Earths moon
- Has its own moon, Charon
- Another planetoid is Sedna
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82Pluto and Charon
83Comets and other objects
- Comet dust, ice, frozen water, methane, and
ammonia, ROCK!!! - Asteroids chunks of rocks (gt10 meters)
- Meteoroids chunks of rocks that can pass
through the Earths orbit and into the atmosphere
of the Earth SOME OF THESE ARE LEFT BEHIND BY
COMETS - (lt10 meters)
84Comet
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87HaleBopp Comet
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89Asteroid
90Another Asteroid
91- Asteroid
- belt
- between
- Mars and
- Jupiter
92Meteor vs. Meteoroid. vs. Meteorite
- METEROID a rock that travels aimlessly in space
- METEOR a streak of light we see when a rock is
burning up in the atmosphere - METEORITE if the rock makes it to the ground,
its now a meteorite.
93Meteoroid
94Meteors known as shooting stars!
95Meteor Shower Leonid
96Meteorite!
97When Meteors Attack
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100Chapter 8, Section 4
- Is There Life Beyond Earth
101Life on other worlds?
- All living things contain CARBON on Earth
- Most life forms on Earth need water and a
comfortable temperature.but - Life has been found to exist in places with
extreme living conditions on Earth - These extreme living conditions include scalding
hot areas, freezing cold areas, completely dark
areas, etc.
102Life on Europa, Jupiters Moon
- The surface is covered in large moving chunks of
ice that are possibly made of frozen water.
103Europa, Getting Closer
104Close up of Europa
105Titan, Saturns Moon
- Nitrogen atmosphere.dont plants on Earth use
nitrogen? - Contains hydrocarbonsisnt life on Earth based
on carbon? - Surface pics show old riverbeds of ethane.and
liquid METHANE!!! These are hydrocarbons.
106Titans Surface from Skyyes, its real
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110Titans surface
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