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Planet Motion

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Planet Motion Chapter 8, Section 1 – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Planet Motion


1
Planet Motion
  • Chapter 8, Section 1

2
Models of the Solar System
  • The Ancient Greeks believed in the geocentric
    model.
  • In the geocentric model, the Earth was at the
    center of the universe and that the stars consist
    of two spheres one that was consistently spun
    around the Earth and one that seemed to wander
    (planet translates to wandering star)

3
Ancient Greek (Ptolemy) Geocentric model
4
  • The Ancient Romans did not seek out much in terms
    of science about the cosmos.
  • They did however name three days of the week
    after it
  • Saturday Saturn
  • Sunday Sun
  • Monday Moon
  • (The other four were named after Norse gods Tiu,
    Woden, Thor, Friya)

5
  • In the geocentric model, the solar system would
    have been arranged in the following order

6
A map of the Geocentric model
7
Copernicus
  • In 1543, Copernicus came up with the heliocentric
    model
  • Stated that the moon revolved around the Earth
    and all of the planets revolved around the sun.
    (Helios was the Greek god of the Sun.)
  • Did not count on ellipses and thus his model
    could not accurately predict the location of the
    planets and was not widely accepted

8
Galileo
  • Found that Venus has phases much like our moon
  • Found that Jupiter has moons that revolve around
    it.
  • This evidence further supported the heliocentric
    model.
  • He invented the modern telescope and was the
    first person to document sunspots.
  • Was forced by the church to recant all his
    findings 6/22/1623

9
Kepler
  • Mathematician who took the work of other
    astronomers and put it together.
  • Found that the paths of planets were ellipses
  • Planets travel at different speeds.

10
Understanding the Solar System
  • In the early 1600s, a German mathematician
    Johannes Kepler calculated the speeds of the
    planets and found that they were ellipses.
  • He also learned that the speed of each of the
    planets was different and the outer planets took
    much longer to orbit the Sun (Mercury88 days,
    Saturn 29.5 years).

11
  • In the heliocentric model, the solar system would
    have been arranged in the following order

12
  • Scientists now use two units to measure distance
    in space
  • one is the astronomical unit which is equal to
    the average distance between the Earth and the
    Sun, and the light year which is the distance
    traveled by light in space in one year. (L.Y.
    9.5 Trillion km)

13
  • By definition, there are eight planets which
    consist of four terrestrial planets which are
    closer to the Sun and four gaseous giant planets
    which are further away. The terrestrial and gas
    planets are separated by a belt of rocky debris
    known as the asteroid belt.
  • Beyond the orbit of the gas giants are no less
    than 100 small planet-like objects known as
    planetoids (including Pluto).

14
  • The solar system also contains a sizable
    collection of meteors, comets, and belts of rocky
    materials that also orbit the Sun.
  • The solar system is thought to have formed from a
    condensing cloud of gas and dust known as a
    nebula. As the cloud contracted, it became
    super-heated and created our Sun. The remaining
    dust and gasses condensed into the planets.

15
Other Solar systems
  • So far, over 300 stars have been found to have
    planetary systems.
  • Upsilon Andromedae is one star with planets
    around it.

16
The Inner Planets
  • Chapter 8, Section 2

17
Planets near the Sun
  • The solar wind and heat have all but stripped
    most of the gases and lighter elements off of the
    terrestrial planets.

(Planet size ratio is not accurate)
18
Mercury
  • Smallest of the planets size of our moon
  • Has no atmosphere
  • Surface temperatures vary from 427C to -170C

19
Mercury
  • Taken by
  • Mariner 10

20
  • Mercury in color

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23
Mercury view from sun
24
Venus
  • Size and mass similar to Earth
  • Surface pressure is 92x greater than Earth
  • Atmosphere is almost entirely CO2
  • Surface temperatures vary from 450C to 475C
  • RETROGRADE ROTATION Backwards rotation of a
    planet

25
Venus
  • As seen
  • from
  • Earth

26
Venus
  • As pictured
  • by
  • Magellan
  • spacecraft

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28
  • It takes 223 days for Venus to revolve.
  • Rotation takes 243 days! Notice something????
  • Thousands of volcanoes
  • Silicon and Oxygen in crust

29
The Surface of Venus
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32
Radar Images of Surface
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34
Venus in front of the sun
35
Earth
36
Earth
  • Allows water to exist as a solid, liquid, and a
    gas
  • Atmosphere burns up most meteors before they hit
    the ground
  • Ozone in the atmosphere protects the life from
    U.V. rays
  • Temp. range -88 to 58C

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38
Mars
  • Known as the red planet due to the high level of
    iron oxide (rust)
  • Has polar ice caps
  • Appears to have once had flowing water on its
    surface
  • Mars is tilted 25 on its axis and has seasons
  • Atmosphere is mostly CO2 and does not filter out
    harmful rays
  • Surface temperatures vary from 37C to -123C
  • Mars has two small moon Deimos and Phobos
  • ½ size of Earth!

39
Mars
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41
NASA on Mars
  • NASA sent probes to Mars in the 1970s and 80s but
    much more detailed information has come from the
    Mars Rovers Spirit and Opportunity
  • In 1996, structures identical in nature to some
    bacteria were found fossilized in a fragment of
    rock from Mars.

42
Mars Rover
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45
A Face on Mars?
46
How Disappointing!
47
Evidence of Water?
48
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51
Sunset on Mars
52
Olympus Mons Largest Volcano in Solar System
  • Three times taller than Mt. Everest
  • 342 miles across

53
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54
What do the inner planets have in common?
  • small
  • Planets with a solid surface are called
    terrestrial
  • Contain iron cores
  • Crust contains heavier elements

55
The Outer Planets
  • Chapter 8, Section 3

56
The Outer Planets
  • Why are the outer planets so different?
  • The outer planets have large amounts of lighter
    elements such as H and He.
  • Are not as affected by the solar wind than the
    inner planets

57
Jupiter
  • Is the largest planet
  • Composed of hydrogen and helium SIMILAR TO THE
    SUN!
  • As you get closer to the surface, the pressure is
    equal to 50 million Earth atmospheres and the
    temperature is apx. 20,000C
  • Thin rings

58
  • Has continuous storms that cause swirls in the
    atmosphere
  • Has more than 60 moons, of which Io, Europa,
    Ganymede, and Callisto are thought to have water
    and conditions possible for life to occur

59
Jupiter
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61
Jupiterwith moons
62
Comet that struck surface in 94
63
Eclipses on Jupiter
64
Aurora on Jupiter
65
Saturn
  • Saturn is the second largest planet HYDROGEN AND
    HELIUM!
  • Has rings made of chunks of rocks and ice
  • Has 53 moons
  • The largest is Titan

66
Saturn
67
Saturn Edge View
68
Saturn Surface
69
Saturn Aurora
70
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71
Uranus
  • Axis is tilted on its side (north to south)
  • Has a blue/green color due to its methane
    atmosphere
  • Has 27 moons

72
Uranus
73
Uranuswith rings
74
Infrared Image of Uranus
75
Neptune
  • Was actually predicted by mathematical
    calculations before it was ever seen (It was
    known that an object was affecting Uranus orbit)
  • Has blue color due to methane in its atmosphere
  • Has 13 moons
  • The largest is Triton
  • Has poles covered in ice
  • Has eruptions

76
Neptune
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78
The Great Dark Spot
79
What do the outer planets have in common?
  • Large and gaseous
  • Have rings
  • H and He make up atmospheres
  • Many moons
  • Iron cores

80
Planetoids (Pluto)
  • Is smaller than the Earths moon
  • Has its own moon, Charon
  • Another planetoid is Sedna

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82
Pluto and Charon
83
Comets and other objects
  • Comet dust, ice, frozen water, methane, and
    ammonia, ROCK!!!
  • Asteroids chunks of rocks (gt10 meters)
  • Meteoroids chunks of rocks that can pass
    through the Earths orbit and into the atmosphere
    of the Earth SOME OF THESE ARE LEFT BEHIND BY
    COMETS
  • (lt10 meters)

84
Comet
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87
HaleBopp Comet
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89
Asteroid
90
Another Asteroid
91
  • Asteroid
  • belt
  • between
  • Mars and
  • Jupiter

92
Meteor vs. Meteoroid. vs. Meteorite
  • METEROID a rock that travels aimlessly in space
  • METEOR a streak of light we see when a rock is
    burning up in the atmosphere
  • METEORITE if the rock makes it to the ground,
    its now a meteorite.

93
Meteoroid
94
Meteors known as shooting stars!
95
Meteor Shower Leonid
96
Meteorite!
97
When Meteors Attack
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100
Chapter 8, Section 4
  • Is There Life Beyond Earth

101
Life on other worlds?
  • All living things contain CARBON on Earth
  • Most life forms on Earth need water and a
    comfortable temperature.but
  • Life has been found to exist in places with
    extreme living conditions on Earth
  • These extreme living conditions include scalding
    hot areas, freezing cold areas, completely dark
    areas, etc.

102
Life on Europa, Jupiters Moon
  • The surface is covered in large moving chunks of
    ice that are possibly made of frozen water.


103
Europa, Getting Closer
104
Close up of Europa
105
Titan, Saturns Moon
  • Nitrogen atmosphere.dont plants on Earth use
    nitrogen?
  • Contains hydrocarbonsisnt life on Earth based
    on carbon?
  • Surface pics show old riverbeds of ethane.and
    liquid METHANE!!! These are hydrocarbons.

106
Titans Surface from Skyyes, its real
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110
Titans surface
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