??????????26???,?

1
????????????????????

• ???
• ??????????

2
????????? ???9????????(2010/05/27)

• ??????????26???,????????????,??????9??,??????,??
  ??????,??????????????,??????????????????????
• ?98???,??????15????,????????,??7??????3?????5?????
  ?
• ????NowNews(5, 27, 2010)????

3
????

• (?)???????
• (?)??????????????
• (?)????????
• (?)?????
• (A)????????IRB
• (B) ?????????????????????????
• (C)?????????

4
???????

• John Darsee
• Eric Poehlman
• Hwang Woo-Suk(???)
• John Darsee?Eric Poehlman????????Examples of
  Research Misconduct. Baruch College, Research
  Integrity Officer.

5
John Darsee

• Darsee???????????????????
• ?1974 -1979?,??Emory University??Grady Memorial
  Hospital?????,???Harvard University? Cardiac
  Research Laboratory???
• ?1981, Darsee??????????????????
• ?1981???,Darsee?????????????, Darsee?????????
• ????, Darsee??,??????????(????),??????????,???????
  ????????
• ??, Darsee??,??Emory University??,?8???,32?????,??
  ???Harvard University????,?9???,21?????,?????
• ??Darsee?Harvard University??,?National
  Institutes of Health????????????

6
Eric Poehlman

• Eric Poehlman?University of Vermont???,???????????
  ,???????????Poehlman???,Walter DeNino,??Poehlman??
  ????????????,?Poehlman???????????????(1??1?)???
• Poehlman??,??National Institutes of
  Health???17??????????????(????,???????????????????
  )?

7
???(??)??????

• ?????????????(??)?????
• Hwang, W. S. et al. Evidence of a pluripotent
  human embryonic stem cell line derived from a
  cloned blastocyst. Science 303, 1669-74 (2004).
• Hwang, W. S. et al. Patient-specific embryonic
  stem cells derived from human SCNT blastocysts.
  Science 308, 1777-83 (2005).
• Lee, B. C. et al. Dogs cloned from adult somatic
  cells. Nature 436, 641 (2005).
• ??????????????????????????????????????,????
• 2005????Science???????????
• 2004????Science????????
• 2005????Nature????????????
• 2006?,?????????????

????Sciscape???? (1, 16, 2006)Jun-An Chen ??
8
????-???

• 2004/2 ??????????????????(SCNT)??????30???????,??
  ??????????????????????Science ?
• 2004/5 Nature???????????????????????????????
• 2005/1 ?????????????????????????????,????????????
  ???????????????????????
• 2005/5 ?????????11????????????????????????Science
  ?
• 2005/8 ?????????????????
• 2005/10 ?????????????,????????

9
????

• 2005/11
• ???Science(2005)???????,??????????? (Gerald
  Schatten)????????????????,??????????????
• ?????Science,???????
• ??Mizmedi?????????,???Science(2004)???,???20??????
  ?????,??????????????????????
• ?????,?????????????????????,????????????
• ??????????????????????? ?

10
????

• 2005/12
• ???????????????????????????????????,?????
• ?????????????????Science?????,????????? ?
• ???????????????,??????Science (2005,2004)???,?????
  ???
• ????MBC???,????2005??Science???????,??????????????
  ?????
• Science????,??????????????????2005????
• ??????????????????????,????2005????Science????????
  ???????????11????????????????,???????2?,??????????
  ?????????????,???????

11
????????-???

• 2006/1
• ???????????????,????2004????Science??????,2005??Sc
  ience??????????
• Science??????????????????2005??????,???????????200
  5?2004??????
• ?????????????

12
????

• ????????,????????????????,????????,???????(????)??
  ????
• ??
• (?)????????????
• (?)??????????

13
??????????????

• ??????????????????????,???(???)?????????????,?????
  ??????(??????????,??????????????)?
• ?OECD- GLOBAL SCIENCE FORUM(2007)?????Best
  Practices for Ensuring Scientific Integrity and
  Preventing Misconduct ????,????????????????(misbeh
  avior),???????
• Core Research Misconduct (?????????)
• Research practice misconduct (????????????)
• Data-related misconduct (??????????)
• Publication-related misconduct (??????????)
• Personal misconduct (????????????)
• Financial, and other misconduct (??????????,??)

????httpwww.oecd.orgdataoecd371740188303.pdf
14

• Research practice misconduct (????????????)
• ?????????????????
• ?????????
• ?????????(????)
• ????( Abuse )????
• Data-related misconduct (??????????)
• ??????????
• ???????????
• ???????????
• Publication-related misconduct (??????????)
• ????,??????(???)
• ???,????????
• ???????,???????????Artificially proliferating
  publications (salami-slicing)

15
?????????????,?1999????????????????
16

• Personal misconduct (????????????)
• ???????????,????????
• ??????????????????????????
• ????????????????????
• Financial, and other misconduct (??????????,??)
• ???????????????????
• ?????????(?,????????????????????)
• ????????????????????????????
• (?????)???????????
• ?????????,??????????????

17
Core Research MisconductFFP

• Core Research Misconduct(?????,?????????)
• ??(Fabrication) ??????????????
• ??(Falsification)???????????????????????????(?,??
  ??????????)?
• ??(Plagiarism)????????????????????(????????),????
  ?????(???)

18
???????????
?? ????
Chicago (Turabian) ???(?,?,?)
Oxford ???
Vancouver System ??,??
IEEE ??
Harvard System ??
APA (American Psychological Association) ??,??
MLA (Modern Language Association) ??
ASA (American Sociological association) ???
???????(2005).????????????????.???????????, 75,
173-183.
19
?????????????(APA??)

• ???????????
• Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites,
  not only in their personalities but in their
  sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor,
  1990).
• ???????,??????
• According to Irene Taylor (1990), the
  personalities of Charlotte.
• ??????????
• In a 1989 article, Gould explains Darwin's most
  successful. .
• ?????
• Emily Bronte...expressed increasing hostility
  for the world of human relationships, whether
  sexual or social...." (1988, p. 11).
• ????????????

20
????

• ???????(references) ?,?????????????????????????,??
  ??????????????????????(???????,??,???)????????
• ???????????
• ???(?80)????????????
• ????????,38,12-16?
• ???(?80)?????????????
• ???????????????
• ??,38,117-119?

21
????

• ???????????
• Erickson, R.C., James, P.V. (1990).
• This article does not exist. Journal
• of Experimental Psychology
• General, 40, 112-113. 
• Lee, D.M. (1991). This article does not
• exist. Journal of Psychology, 38, 1-6.

22
Nature (2008) , 453, 980-982

• Titus??? 2,212 ???,?? 201 ???? ?????????
• ?????
• ?? improve??,??????????
• ??????,?????????????????????????
• ???????
• ???????,??????????????,????????????????
• ?????? Photoshop ??????,?????????? ?

???? Titus, S. L., Wells, J. A., Rhoades, L.
J. (2008). Repairing research integrity. Nature,
453, 980-982.
23
Nature (2005) , 435, 737-738 .

• ??MARTINSON ??7760??????(??NIH?????post-doc??)????
  ?,?1.7??????,??????????????
• ???? MARTINSON, B.C., M.S. ANDERSON and R. DE
  VRIES (2005) "Scientists behaving badly", Nature,
  435, pp. 737-738.

24
???????

• 1. ????(Falsifying research data )
• 2.??????????,???????????(Ignoring major aspects
  of human-subject requirements )
• 3.?????????????????????(Not properly disclosing
  involvement in firms whose products are based on
  ones own research )
• 4. ?????????????????????(Relationships with
  students, research subjects or clients that may
  be interpreted as questionable )
• 5. ??????????,???????????(Using anothers ideas
  without obtaining permission or giving due credit
  (plagiarism) )

25
???????

• 6. ?????????,????????????(Unauthorized use of
  confidential information in connection with ones
  own research )
• 7. ???????????????,??????????(Failing to present
  data that contradict ones own previous research
  )
• 8. ??????????,???????????(Circumventing certain
  minor aspects of human-subject requirements )
• 9. ???????????????????????,????????(Overlooking
  others' use of flawed data or questionable
  interpretation of data )
• 10. ?????????????,?????????????(Changing the
  design, methodology or results of a study in
  response to pressure from a funding source
  (falsification) )

26
???????

• 11. ?????????????????????(Publishing the same
  data or results in two or more publications )
• 12. ???????,???????(Inappropriately assigning
  authorship credit )
• 13. ?????????,????????????????(Withholding
  details of methodology or results in papers or
  proposals )
• 14. ?????????(Using inadequate or inappropriate
  research designs )
• 15. ??????,?????????????(Dropping observations or
  data points from analyses based on a gut feeling
  that they were inaccurate )
• 16. ???????(Inadequate record keeping related to
  research projects )

27
??????????????????????????

• List, Mailey, Euzent, Martin (2001)
  ??????????1000???1998?American Economic
  Association????????
• ??????????????
• (A)???????
• (B)????????????????????????????
• (C)???????????????
• List JA, et al. (2001) Academic economists
  behaving badly? A survey on three areas of
  unethical behaviour. Economic Inquiry 39
  162170.

28
List, Mailey, Euzent, Martin

• ??????????,List????????????
• (A)??????400???,??94??
• (B)????????????,?????,???????????,????yes?,??,???
  ?????(??600???,??140??)

29
List, Mailey, Euzent, Martin
?? ??????????? ????30????,??????????????? ?????B??????? ????30????,??????????B?????? ?????????????????? ??????????????????????????
???? 4.49 7.04 10.17 16.98 0.4 4.26
???? 4.26 5.13 7.45 12.95 0 3.82
30
????????

• (?)????,???????
• (?)?????????,??????IRB(Internal Review Board)????
• (?)?????????????????

31
??????????(1994-2009)
32
??? ???
1994 9,319 7,546 80.97
1995 10,276 8,334 81.10
1996 12,250 8,648 70.60
1997 13,612 9,730 71.48
1998 16,191 10,665 65.87
1999 16,816 11,112 66.08
2001 22,816 13,715 60.11
2002 25,675 14,985 58.36
2003 27,897 16,073 57.62
2004 29,423 16,973 57.69
2005 30,763 17,192 55.89
2006 30,990 17,789 57.40
2007 28,773 14,975 52.05
2008 27,245 12,822 47.06
2009 28,440 13,646 47.98
2010 30,069 14,309 47.59
33
????????IRB

• ?????????????????(???????????????)???,????????????
  ????????IRB(Internal Review Board)????
• ???????????????????,??????????????????????????
• ?????????????,????????????,???????????????????,???
  ????????,?????????????????
• ????????????????,?????????,????????,?????
• ???????????,?????????????????????,????????????????
  ??????????????

34
????????IRB

• ?????????( The Nuremberg Trials
  )?,?????????????,?????????????????( The Nuremberg
  Codes )?
• ???????????????????????,??????????,??????????,????
  ?????88??????????????,????????????????

35

• ?????????????
• (?) ???????????
• (A)????????????,
• (B)????????,???????????????????????????
• (?) ?????????????,??????????????????
• (?) ?????????????,?????????????
• (?) ??????????,??????????????????
• (?) ??????????????????????
• (?) ???????????????????
• (?) ??????????????????
• (?) ?????????????
• (?) ??????????????????,???????????
• (?) ????????????????????,??????????
• ????The Nuremburg Code (1947).
  http//www.cirp.org/library/ethics/nuremberg/

36
Internal Review Board (IRB)

• ??????,??????????????,??????????????????
• ??,????????1991??? Title 45 Code of Federal
  Regulations (part 46),??????????????????,????????I
  RB,?????(???)????????????????IRB????

37
IRB

• ???????????????,??? IRB??
• ??
• ???,??
• ????
• ???
• IRB??????????????????
• (???(?)???????????????????IRB???(?)??????????????
  ???????)

38
????????????????

• ??Office of Research Integrity
• ??????????????????
• http//ori.dhhs.gov/about/index.shtml
• Office of Research Integrity Case Summary-Pat J.
  Palmer. Federal Register February 17, 2004,
  6931, 7488-7489.
• ??Office of Science and Innovation
• ??????????????
• http//www.rcuk.ac.uk/aboutrcuk/publications/polic
  y/univethicalcode.htm
• ??Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
• ????????????
• http//www.dfg.de/en/dfg_profile/structure/statuto
  ry_bodies/joint_committee/joint_committee_commissi
  ons_and_committees/scientific_misconduct/
• ??Science Council of Japan
• ?2006???code of conducts for scientists
• ??Board on Research Ethics
• ????????????????
• http//www.protsv.fi/tenk/english1.htm
• ???????????????
• 1998??????????????

???????????.????????????????????
99?5?13?????????(PPT?)
39
????????????????????

• (?)???(??)???????,????????????????,??????????IRB??
  ???(????????????????????????(?))
• (?)????????????????????????????????(??????????????
  ????????????)

40
????????????????????????(?)

• ????????????????????????????????,?????????????????
  ????????????????,???????????????????????????????
  ??????,??????????????????,???????????????????????
  ???????,????????????,????????????,?????

41
???????????????????????

• ????
• ?????????????????????????,???????????,????????????
  ????????,????????????,????????????????????????????
  
• ????
• ?????????????????????,????????????????????????????
  ??????,????????????,?????

42
???????????????????????

• ??????????????
• ???????????(?????????)?????????,???????,??????????
  ??????,???????????????????????????????????????????
  
• ?????????
• ??????????????,????????????????
• ???????????
• ????????????????????,?????????????????????????????
  ??????,???????????????????????????

43
???????????????????????

• ????
• ???????????????????,????,????????????????,????????
  
• ???????????????
•    (?)???????????
•    (?)??????????????
•    (?)????????
• ?????????????????????????????????????,????????????
  ???
• ?????????????
• ??????????????,?????????,??????????????????????,??
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????,????????,????????????????????????

44
???????

• ??????????88-98???????????,?????,?????????
• ????????,??????,????????
• ???,????????????,??????
• ???????????,?????????
• ???????,?????,?????????????????
• ???????????,?????

45
???????

• ??????????
• A?XX???????????,???????????XX??XX?????,???????????
  ??????????,??????????????
• ??????
• ????A?????1?,???????????,???????????????????A????
  ?XX??(??)?X????XX??????,????????
• ???????????????????????????,????????????????????
  ?????

46
???????

• ??????????
• A??B?XXXX?X???XX??????????????????
• ??????
• ????A??X????????????,??????,??X??????

47
???????

• ??????????
• A??B??2?????XX???????????,??????,B????????A???????
  ??,?A????????B????????,(???)?
• ??????
• ??????A???????????????????1??
• ?????B????????

48
??

• ??????????
• A??B?XXXX?X?????XX??????????????????????????????,?
  X???????????????,????????????
• ??????
• ????A??X??????1?,???????????????????,?????????????
  ???????

49
??

• ??????????
• A???XX??????????????XX????????????????XX????XXXX??
  ?,?????????????????????,????????????,?????????
• ??????
• ????A?????10?,???????????????????,????????????????
  ???,???XX???????????????,???A????????XX???????????
  ????

50
??

• ??????????
• A?????XX???????????,?????????B????????????????5???
  ????B???????4???C?D????????????1????1???????????,
  ?????????
• ??????
• ????A?????2?,???????????????????,?????????????????
  ???

51
?????

• ??????????
• A????XX??????????????(?????)????????????,A????????
  ?????????,???????????????????????
• ??????
• ????A???????????????????1??

52
?????

• ??????????
• A???XX???????????,??????XX????????????????????????
  ??,??????????????????????,????????,???????????????
  ????????,????,????????
• ??????
• ????A???????????????????3??

53
?????

• ??????????
• A??XX?XX???XX???????????????????(?????????????????
  ???????????)?????????B?XX?XX????XX???????,????????
  ,???????????????,????????
• ??????
• ????A???????????????????4??

54
??????

• ??????????
• A?????XX???????????????????X?????B??C?2??XX???????
  ???X????,A??????????????????,????????
• ??????
• ????A?????2?,???????????????????,?????????????????
  ???

55
??????

• ??????????
• A?????XX????????????????????????2????????????????,
  ??????2???,??????????,????????
• ??????
• ????A?????1?,???????????????????,?????????????????
  ???

56
??????

• ??????????
• A???????????,??????????,?????????????,????????
• ??????
• ????A?????3?,???????????????????,?????????????????
  (????????????????,?????)

57
??

• ??????????
• A???XX???????????,?????????B????,A??????????,?????
  ?B???????????????,??????XX??(??),????????
• ??????
• ????A?????1?,???????????????????,?????????????????
  ???

58
??

• ??????????
• A?????XX???????????????,?????????,????????????????
  ?,????????????????,?????????
• ??????
• ????A?????1?,???????????????????,?????????????????
  ???

59
??

• ??????????
• A?????XX????????,??2??????,??????,A???????????????
  ???????????????,?????????????????????,?????
• ??????
• ????????????A?,?????????????????

60
??

• ??????????
• A??B??????????????????4?????,?2????????????,C?????
  ????,???????,?????,A??B?2???????????????,?????????
  ????,???????????????????C??A??B??????????????????,
  ??????????,??????????,??????????????,????????
• ??????
• ??????A??B?????????????????????2??1??
• ??????C???????????????????1??

61
??

• ??????????
• C???A?????C???????B??????,??????????,???C?????????
  ????
• ??????
• ??????A????????????????????????????2?????
• ??????B???????????????????2??

62

• ??????
• ??