Title: ? ????? ???????? ????? A/D
1????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????
? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????????
? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????
? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????
? ????? ???????? ????? A/D
? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????
2? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????????
? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???
? ?????? ????? ???? ? ????? ??????
? ????? ??
? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????
3? ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???
???????
? ?????? ????? ?????
? ???? ????? ????? ? ?????? ? ????? ?????
? ???? ?????? ?? ???????
4? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????
? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???
? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??
??????? ?????
? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??
????
5? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????
6? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????
7? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????
? ??????? n ????
? ????? I/O ????
? ????? ??? ????? ?????
- ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???
? ?????? LSB
x Analog input / Reference Fraction
0 1
? ???? ????????????
? ?? ?????? n ???? ?? ????
8? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????
? ?????? ?????
???? ??? ???? ????????
???? ????
???? ??? ???? ??????????
?????? ?????? ????? ?????/????? (????) ???? ??
?? ?? ??????
??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? (????) ????
???? ????
?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??
???? ?????? ??????
?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ? ?????? ???? ???
???? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ????
???? ??????
?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????
??? ?? ??? ???
9? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????
??????? ????- resolution ?????? ????? ????? ??
????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????
???? ?????- conversion time
? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????
??? ????? ???? ????? ???
??? ????- accuracy
? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ? ????? ????? ??
????? ????
??? ????? ????- throughput output
? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??
???? ????????????
? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???
?? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????
? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????
? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?
??????? ??????? ???? ????
10? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????
?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????
11? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????
??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????
12? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????
??????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????
??? ????? ?????? ?????
13? ???? ????? ????
?????? ???? ?????
- Example
- 8-bit ADC
- Conversion Time 100?sec
- Sinusoidal input
- Rate of change
- Let FS 2A
- Limited to Low frequency of 12.4 Hz
- Few Applications
? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???
????? ??????? ?? ????
? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???
????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????
Rate of Change tc ? resolution
14? ???? ????? ????
?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?
?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????
- Example
- 20 nsec aperture time
-
- Reasonably good for 100?sec converter
? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??
?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????
???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???
? aperture time (ta)
????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????
????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ? ???? ?? ??
???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????- ???? ???? ?? ??
?? ??? ????????? ???
15? ???? ????? ????
??? ?????? ?????? ?????
? ?????? ?????? ? ?? ??? ???? ???????
? ????? ??? ????? ????? ? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????
?? ???? ??? ?????
Typical Input Range 0 10V and 0 5V
? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????
??-????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????
? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????
??? ?? ??? ????
? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????
? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????
16? ???? ????? ????
?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? (??????) ??
???????? ??-????
? ??????? ?? ??????? ??-????
Add offset
? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????
? ????? ???? ????
scaled
? ??????? ?? ??????? ??-????
? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????
? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? 2 ?? ????
17? ???? ????? ????
??????? ? ?????? ???? ??????
? ??????? ? ???????? ?????
? ????? ?? ?????? ????
? ????
? ??????? ?????
? ????? ???? ?? ???? ? ???
? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????
? ????? ????
? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ???? ???? ???
???
? Number of bits 8 and 12 bits are typical 10,
14, 16 bits also available
? Typically, precision IC voltage reference is
used
18? ???? ????? ????
????????? ?????
- HBE / LBE
- From CPU
- To read Output word after EOC
- HBE
- High Byte Enable
- LBE
- Low Byte Enable
- Start
- From CPU
- Initiate the conversion process
- BUSY / EOC
- To CPU
- Conversion is in progress
- 0Busy In progress
- 1EOC End of Conversion
19? ???? ????? ????
???? ??????? ?? aliasing ??? ????? ?????? ????
????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????
20? ????? ???????? ????? A/D
?Counter or Tracking ADC ?Successive
Approximation ADC Most Commonly Used ? Slop
Integrating ADC ?Voltage to Frequency
ADC ?Parallel or Flash ADC
21Counter Type ADC
? ????? ???????? ????? A/D
??????
? ??? ?????? ? ???? ???? ???????
???? ???????
? DAC ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????
????? ?? ???
? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ????? DAC
? ????? ????? ?? ???????
? ????? ?????
??? ???
? ????? ???????????? ???????
?????
? ???? ????? ?????
- 2n Clock Period for Full Scale input
22Tracking Type ADC
? ????? ???????? ????? A/D
A/D ??? ????? ?? ???
? ??????? ?? ??????? ????/????? ???? ??????
???????????? ?????
? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????
?????? ????? ???? ?? ????
????
? ????
??? ???
???
? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????
?????? ????
23? ????? ???????? ????? A/D
Successive Approximation ADC
? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????
?? ???? ??????? ?? ????
? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ? ???
??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????
???? ????
? SAR (?????? ????? ????) ???? ??? ?????? ?????
?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? MSB ? ????? ????? ??
??? LSB ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????
????? ???? ????
24? ????? ???????? ????? A/D
Successive Approximation ADC
?????? ?????
??? ???
? ???? ?????
? Conversion Time n clock for n-bit ADC Fixed
conversion time
???? ????? ?????
? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????
? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ??
????
25Slope (Integrating) ADC
? ????? ???????? ????? A/D
???? ??????
? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?
??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??
????? ???? ???
26Voltage to Frequency ADC
? ????? ???????? ????? A/D
? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? VFC
? ?????
? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????
? ???? ???? ????
? ?????
? ??????? -counter ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????
?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????
? ???
? ????? ????? ?? 10 ??? ?? ????
27Parallel or Flash ADC
? ????? ???????? ????? A/D
? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??????
????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???
? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ????
?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????
28Parallel or Flash ADC
? ????? ???????? ????? A/D
? ?????
? ???? ????? ????? ????
? Up to 100MHz for 8 bit resolution Video, Radar,
Digital Oscilloscope
? ????? ?? ????? ??
? 2n 1 comparator ? Precision Resistive
Network ? Encoder
? ?????
? ??????? ?????
? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? IC-???? 8 ???
???? ?? 255 ?????? ????? ?? ????
? ????? ????
29? ?????? ???????
30? ??????? ?????
31??????? ??????? ?? ??????
? ??????
? ?????? ???????
? ????? ????? ? ???????
? ??????? ?????
32??????
? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??
?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ?? ?????? ??????
?? ????
DAC
33??????
? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??
?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ?? ?????? ??????
?? ????
Analog Output Signal
Digital Input Signal
34?????? ???
Resolution
???????
? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??
LSB ?? ????? ???????
? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??
?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??
N Number of bits
Better Resolution(3 bit)
Poor Resolution(1 bit)
35?????? ???
????? ????
Reference Voltage
????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??
????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???
?????
? ????? ? ???? ? ????? ????? ???? ??????
? ????? ? ????? ? ????? ????? ???? ?????
Non-Multiplier (Vref C)
Multiplier (Vref Asin(wt))
Digital Input
Assume 2 bit DAC
36?????? ???
???? ????
Settling Time
????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??
?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????
(within /- VLSB)
? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????
??? ????
37?????? ???
Linearity
??? ????
? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ? ????? ????? ??
??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????
? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? DAC ? ?????
?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????
???? ??? ????
38?????? ???
Speed
????
? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??
? ??? ?????
? ?????? ?? ???? clock ?????? ?????
? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????
39?????? ???
?????
? ??? ??? ????
? ??????????
Differential
? ????????
Integral
? ???
Gain
Offset
? ????
? ???????????
Non-monotonicity
40?????? ???
???? ?????? ??????????
? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????
- (Ideally All DNLs 1 VLSB)
41?????? ???
???? ?????? ????????
? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??
(Ideally all INLs 0)
Ideal Output
Analog Output Voltage
Int. Non-Linearity 1VLSB
1VLSB
Digital Input
42?????? ???
???? ????
? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ? ?????
?????
? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??
? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??
Output Voltage
Desired/Ideal Output
Positive Offset
Digital Input
Negative Offset
43?????? ???
???? ???????????
? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??
????? ???????
Desired Output
Non-Monotonic
Analog Output Voltage
Monotonic
Digital Input
44????? ??????
Binary Weighted Resistor
? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????
? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? LSB ??
MSB
? ??????? ?? ???????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????
???? ? ????
45????? ??????
Binary Weighted Resistor
? ????? ??????
Vo
8R
4R
2R
R
Most Significant Bit
Least Significant Bit
-VREF
46????? ??????
Binary Weighted Resistor
? ????? ??????
CLEARED
SET
Most Significant Bit
Least Significant Bit
-VREF
( 1 1 1 1 )2 ( 15 )10
47????? ??????
Binary Weighted Resistor
Rf R
? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???
? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? 2 ???? ?? ???
Vo
8R
4R
2R
R
MSB
LSB
-VREF
48????? ??????
Binary Weighted Resistor
49????? ??????
Binary Weighted Resistor
? ???? ??? ??
Bi Value of Bit i n Number of Bits
50????? ??????
Binary Weighted Resistor
?????
? ??????/?????? ????
? ????? ????
?????
? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????????
?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????
? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ????????????
? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? 8 ???
????? ?? ????
51????? ??????
R-2R Ladder
VREF
MSB
LSB
52????? ??????
R-2R Ladder
? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? binary weighted
resistor
? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? 2R ???? ???? ?? ????
VREF
MSB
LSB
53????? ??????
R-2R Ladder
? ???? LSB ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ??
????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???
? ????? ?? ?? ?????? 2 ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????
LSB
MSB
54????? ??????
R-2R Ladder
? ????? ?? ?? ?????? 2 ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????
Analysis for current from (001)2 shown below
R
R
R
2R
2R
R
2R
2R
Op-Amp input Ground
B2
VREF
B1
B0
55????? ??????
R-2R Ladder
Rf
56????? ??????
R-2R Ladder
?????
? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???
? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????
?????
? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???