The Growth of a Young Nation

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Chapter 3-3,3-4, 3-5

• The Growth of a Young Nation

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The Growth of a Young Nation

• Manifest Destiny- Occurred in the 1840s when
  expansion fever swept the country
• The belief that the United States was ordained to
  expand to the Pacific Ocean and into the Mexican
  and Native American Territory.
• Land a great attraction for settlers.
• Merchants and manufacturers sought new markers.
• Many moved after the Panic of 1837,when banks
  closed and many lost their money when banks
  closed their doors

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The Growth of a Young Nation

• Trails West
• Santa Fe Trail- one of the trails west that
  stretched from Independence, Missouri to Santa
  Fe, New Mexico.
• Oregon Trail- stretched from Independence,
  Missouri to Oregon City, Oregon

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The Growth of a Young Nation
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The Growth of a Young Nation

• The Mormon Migration-
• Mormons founded by Joseph Smith in New York in
  1827 the group moved several times to escape
  persecution Mormons settled in Salt Lake City,
  Utah
• Brigham Young took over leadership of Mormons
  after an anti-Mormon mob tarred and feathered
  Joseph Smith.

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The Growth of a Young Nation

• Texan Independence
• Texas at this time a Mexican territory and Mexico
  wanted to make the land secure so they urged
  Americans to live in Texas with the promise of
  cheap land.
• A prominent leader of these colonists was Stephen
  F. Austin.
• Cultural issues arose between Mexico and the
  Americans as the colonists wanted slaves and
  Mexico had already abolished slavery.

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The Growth of a Young Nation

• In 1833 Stephen F. Austin traveled to Mexico to
  ask their President, Santa Anna for the right for
  the Americans to govern themselves.
• Santa Anna imprisoned Stephen F. Austin,
  suspended local powers in Texas several
  rebellions broke out which led to the Texas
  Revolution.
• When Austin returned in 1835 he saw war as the
  only recourse or option.

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The Growth of a Young Nation

• Remember the Alamo
• Lieutenant Colonel William Travis moved his men
  into the Alamo, a mission and for in San Antonio
• Travis believed that control of the Alamo was key
  to Mexicos advancement North.
• From February 23, 1836 to March 6, 1836 Santa
  Anna attacked the Alamo. All of its defenders
  were killed.
• March 2, 1836 the Texans declare their
  independence from Mexico

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The Growth of a Young Nation

• Later in March Santa Anna killed 300 Texans at
  Goliad which infuriated the Texans.
• Six weeks after the Texans defeat at the Alamo,
  Sam Houston, leader of the rebels led the Texans
  in a victory against the Mexicans at San Jacinto.
  
• Remember the Alamo! was their battle cry.
• Colonists captured Santa Anna and made him sign
  the Treaty of Velasco which granted the Texans
  independence.

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The Growth of a Young Nation

• In 1844 Texas joined the United States this
  annexation approved by President James K. Polk
  who was a slaveholder.
• Conflict between northern and southern states as
  Texas was a slave state.
• Mexico angered by the Texas annexation.
• Conflict with Mexico over Texas border.

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The Growth of a Young Nation

• President James K. Polk tried to negotiate with
  Mexico for California and New Mexico to no avail.
• President Polk further angered Mexico by siding
  with Texas over the border dispute and sent
  soldiers to cement the boundary. A battle that
  President Polk won.

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The Growth of a Young Nation

• In 1845, John C. Fremont led soldiers into
  Mexicos California in response Mexican soldiers
  killed U.S. soldiers in Texas.
• In 1846, New Mexico fell to the U.S. led by
  Stephen Kearny several upper-class New Mexicans
  wanted to join the United States and New Mexico
  fell to the U.S. without a fight.
• In June of 1846, American forces led by John C.
  Fremont seized California.

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The Growth of a Young Nation

• February 2, 1848- U.S. and Mexico sign the Treaty
  of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which established the Rio
  Grande as the boundary with Texas and ceded New
  Mexico and California to the U.S.
• U.S. paid 15 million to Mexico which included
  present-day California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah,
  most of Arizona, and parts of Colorado and
  Wyoming.

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The Growth of a Young Nation

• The Gadsden Purchase- established the current
  borders of the contiguous 48 states.
• California Gold Rush- Gold was discovered in
  California.
• The world took notice and people moved to
  California and droves.

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The Growth of a Young Nation

• Market Revolution- when people bought and sold
  goods rather than make it for themselves.
• Buying and selling in the 1840s rose more than
  it had in previous decades.
• The quickening pace coincided with the growth of
  free enterprise, which is the freedom of private
  businesses to operate competitively for profit
  with few government regulations.

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The Growth of a Young Nation

• In their pursuit of profit, businessmen called
  entrepreneurs invested their money in new
  industries. These businessmen stood to lose it
  all if they failed but if they succeeded they
  stood to gain substantial rewards.
• In 1837, Samuel B. Morse patented the telegraph
  which sent messages in code over a wire in a
  matter of seconds. This aided businesses
  tremendously.

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The Jeffersonian Era

• The Market Revolution lowered prices, produced
  better goods, improved transportation and
  communication.
• The North became more industrialized.
• The South agricultural.

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The Growth of a Young Nation

• Lowell Textile Mills- A mill in Lowell,
  Massachusetts owners wanted women workers as
  they could pay them lower wages than men. Lowell
  was a hard place to work and the owners had
  little sympathy for their workers.
• Strikes at Lowell- workers organized a strike, or
  work stoppage to protest work conditions but the
  strikes were all to no avail.

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The Growth of a Young Nation

• Immigrants came to the U.S. in droves from Europe
  between 1830 and 1860.
• Many Irish immigrants fled to the U.S. after the
  Great Potato Famine led to mass starvation.
• The Irish immigrants faced discrimination as they
  were Roman Catholic, and because of their
  willingness to work as cheap labor.

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The Growth of a Young Nation

• Amidst growing labor unrest trade unions joined
  together to form the National Trades Union.
  Their efforts were first hampered by courts
  stating their strikes were illegal.
• In 1842, the workers received a break as the
  Massachusetts Supreme Court supported the workers
  right to strike in the case of Commonwealth v.
  Hunt.

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The Growth of a Young Nation

• A spiritual awakening swept the nation after
  1790 this movement emphasized individual
  responsibility for salvation, and that people
  could improve themselves and society.
• These religious ideas closely linked to ideas of
  Jacksonian democracy that stressed the importance
  and power of the common person.

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The Growth of a Young Nation

• The Second Great Awakening- Widespread Christian
  that lasted from the 1790s to the 1830s.
• Primary Forum was the revival meeting which would
  last for days.
• Unitarians- growing religious group that stressed
  the faith in the individual.
• Unitarian Minister Ralph Waldo Emerson developed
  a policy of transcendentalism, which emphasized
  that truth could be discovered by observing
  nature and relating it to your religious
  experience.

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The Growth of a Young Nation

• African-American slaves heard the same sermons
  and heard the same songs as their masters and
  interpreted the stories, especially the exodus
  from Egypt, as a promise of freedom.
• In the 1820s abolition, a movement to end
  slavery had taken hold.
• William Lloyd Garrison- radical white
  abolitionist established the Liberator, an
  anti-slavery paper which demanded immediate
  emancipation.

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The Growth of a Young Nation

• Frederick Douglass- escaped from bondage who
  became an outspoken critic of slavery.
• Douglass was sponsored by Garrison who believed
  that slavery should be abolished by any means
  necessary. Douglass wanted slavery abolished
  without violence.
• Douglass began his own paper, the North Star.

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The Growth of a Young Nation

• Frederick Douglass

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The Growth of a Young Nation

• The number of slaves owned varied throughout the
  south. Most worked as house servants, farm hands,
  or in the fields.
• Some states allowed slaves to be manumitted, or
  enabled them to purchase their freedom.
• Some slaves rebelled against their condition, one
  of those slaves was Nat Turner, a Virginia slave
  that led a revolt that killed 60 whites. Turner
  and many of his followers were later executed.

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The Growth of a Young Nation

• The Turner rebellion frightened slave-owners.
  Some wanted emancipation, others wanted to
  tighten their restrictions on slaves. They even
  used the Bible to grant validity to their
  beliefs.
• Women at this time also mobilized for reform by
  participating in the abolitionist movement, and
  they got involved in the temperance movement,
  which was a movement to prohibit the drinking of
  alcohol.

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The Growth of a Young Nation

• Work for abolition and temperance accompanied
  gains in education for women.
• In the 1800s more opportunities for women arose.
  
• Prudence Crandall- opened a school for girls, and
  African-American girls. Crandall was forced to
  close this school due to opposition.
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott-
  abolitionists who fought for womens rights.

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The Growth of a Young Nation

• Seneca Falls Convention of 1848- attended by more
  than 300 women. These women wrote a resolution
  stating that women should have the right to vote.
  
• African-American Women found it difficult to gain
  recognition of their problems.
• Sojourner Truth- former slave who spoke at a
  womens convention in 1851 that Black women were
  not weak and that they were feminine.

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The Growth of a Young Nation