Requirements Gathering

1
????? 4 ????????????????????

• Requirements Gathering

2
??????????? 3 ?????????????????????????

1. ???????????????????????
2. ????????????????????????????????????
3. ????????????????????????????????

3
??????????????????

1. ?????????????????????????????????? (Functional
   Requirement)
2. ???????????????????????????????? (Non- Functional
   Requirement)

4
???????????????????? (User requirement)

• ?????????????????????
• ???????????
• ????????????????????

5
???????????????? User Requirement
System ??????????????
Module ?????????????????
Objective ????????????????????????????????????????
Programmer ????????? Date 01/04/2548
Requirements ????????????????????? Requirements ?????????????????????
6
???????????????? User Requirement
Process Description Process Description Process Description
System ??????????
DFD number 2
Process name ??????
Input data flows ????/????????????, ????????/????????, ???????, ??????????
Output data flows ????????????, ??, ???????????
Data Store used ????????????, ????????, ??????????????, ???????????????, ??????????????????
Description ??????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ?????? 2.1 ??????? 2.2 ???????????????? 2.3 ?????????????????? 2.4 ??????????????? 2.5 ????????????????
7
??????????????????????? (Requirement Analysis)

• ????????????????????????????
• ????????????????????????????
• ????????????????????????????????????????

8
???????? ??????????????????????????

• User Requirement Definition
• ???????????????????????????????????????????
• ???????????? Export ???? External File
  ?????????????????? MS-Word ???? MS-Excel ???

• Requirement Specification
• 1. ????????????????????
• 1.1 ?????????????????? ??????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????
• 1.2 ...
• 1.3 ...

9
????????????????????????????

1. ???????????????????????????????????????????
2. ????????????????????????????? ????????????????????
   ??????
3. ????????????????????????

10
?????????????????????????????? (Stakeholders)

• ???????
• ??????????
• ?????????????
• ????????????
• ????????????????
• Vendor and Consultant

11
??????????????????????????

• ???????????
• ????????
• ?????????
• ???????
• ????????????

12
??????????????????????????

• ???????????
• ??????????????????????
• (Joint Application Design JAD)
• ????????????????????????????????????????????
  (Prototyping)

13
????????????????????????????

• ????????????????????????
• ???????????
• ???????????
• ???????????
• ?????? ?????? ??????

14
??????????? (Interview)

• ??????????? ?????????????????????????????
• ????? ?????????????????????????????????
• ????? ????????????????????????
• - Current state of the system
• - Organizational and personal goals
• - Opinions and Feeling
• - Informal procedures

15
????????????????????

• Structure ????????????????????????????? ????????
  ?????????????????????????????? ???????????????????
  ??????????
• Unstructured ???????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????????

unstructured
structured
???????????????????????? ????????????????????????
?? ????? list ?????
?????????????????????? ?? list ????? ?????????????
????????????
16
Structured Versus Unstructured Interviews
Unstructured Structure Difficult Evaluate Easy Hi
gh Amount of Time Required Low Much
Needed Training Required Limited Much Allows
Spontaneity Little Great Flexibility Little Low In
terviewer Control High Low Precision High Low Reli
ability High High Breadth and Depth Low
17
??????????????????????????? Planning the interview

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ? (Read background materials)
• ????????????????????????????? (Establish
  interviewing objectives)
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ? (Decide who to interview)
• ????????????????????????????? ????????????????????
  ???????? (Prepare the interviewee)
• ????????????????? (Decide on question types and
  structure)

18
?????????????? (Question type)

• Open-Ended ?????????????
• Close Question ????????????
• Probe or follow-up Question
• ???????? Yes/No Question

19
Question types Open-ended question

• ????????????? ????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????
• ????????
• -Whats your opinion of the present computer
  system?
• - How does this form relate to your work?
• - What are some of the common errors made in
  data entry in this department?

20
?????-???????????????????????

• ?????
• Putting the interviewee at ease
• Reflects interviewees attitudes, values, beliefs
• Providing richness of detail
• More interesting for the interviewee
• Allowing more spontaneity (???????????)

21
?????-???????????????????????

• ???????
• Result may too much irrelevant detail
• Possibly losing control of the interview
• Allowing responses that may take too much time
• Potentially seeming that the interviewer is
  unprepared

22
Question types Closed question

• ???????????? ??????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????
• ????????????
• - How many reports do you generate in a month?
• - Who receives this output?
• - List your top two priorities for the market
  department?

23
?????-??????????????????????

• ?????
• Saving time
• Easily comparing interviews
• Getting to the point
• Covering lots of ground quickly
• Getting to relevant data

24
?????-??????????????????????

• ???????
• Being boring for the interviewee
• Failing to obtain rich detail
• Missing main ideas for the preceding reason
• Failing to build rapport (??????????????) between
  interviewer and interviewee

25
Question types Probes or Follow-up

• ?????????????????????????? ??????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????????????
• ????????????
• - Why?
• - What makes you feel that way?
• - Give an example of your decision-making
  process

26
?????????????????????????????????? (Question
pitfalls)

• ?????????????????????????????? ???????????????????
  ???????? (Avoiding leading questions)
• ???????????? 2 ????????????? ???????????????
  (Avoiding double-barreled questions)

27
Interviewing
Open-ended Closed Low Reliability of
Data High Low Efficient use of
time High Low Precision of Data High
Much Breadth and Depth Little
Much Interviewer skill required Little
Difficult Ease of analysis Easy
28
?????????????????????????? (Question pattern )

• ?????????? (A pyramid structure)
• ??????? (A funnel structure)
• ??????? (A diamond structure)

29
?????????? (A pyramid structure)

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???? ??????????? ? ???????????? general idea
  ???????????????????????????????????

30
??????? (A funnel structure)

• ????????????????????????????????????????????? ?
  ???? ?? ??????????? ??????????????????????????????
  ??????

31
??????? (A diamond structure)

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ? Specific question ? general question ? specific
  conclusion

32
?????????????????????????

• ?????????????????? ???????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????
• ?????????????? review ????????????????????????????
  ???????

33
Joint Application Design (JAD)

• JAD is a technique to accomplish requirements
  analysis and to design the user interface jointly
  with users in a group setting. JAD was developed
  by IBM.
• JAD ????????? requirement ????????
• ???????????? ?????????????????????????????????????
  ??????? ????????????????????????????????????
• ???????????? GDSS ????????

34
??????????? JAD

• ??????????????????????? ?????????????
  ??????????????? ? ??????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????? ?
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????????

35
??????????????????? JAD

• System Analyst
• Users
• Executives

36
?????????????????? JAD

• ?????
• ??????????????????????????????? ? ???
  ?????????????????????????? ???????????????????
• ???????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????
• ????????????????
• ???????
• ????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????

37
??????????? JAD

1. ??????????? ???????????????????????????????
2. ?????????????????????
3. ??????????????????????????????? key
   ?????????????????? ??????????????????????????????
   ?

38
???????????? JAD

• ???????????????????????? ?????????????????????????
  ????????? JAD ???????? ???????????????????????????
  ???????? JAD
• ????????????? 2-4 ???
• ???????????????????????????????????????
• ??????? ??? ?????????????????????
  ????????????????????????

39
??????????????????????????????????? JAD ?????????
40
????????? (Questionnaire)

• ???????????????????????????????????????????????
• ??????? ????????????????????????????????????????
  ????
• ????????? ???????????????????????????????
• ??????????? ?????????????????????
• ????????? ????????????????????????????
  ??????????? ? ????????

41
????????? (Questionnaire)

• ????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????? ??????????????????????
  ????
• ?????????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????? ? ?????????????????????????????
  ??? ??????????????????????????????????????

42
?????????????????

• ?????????????????? ? ??????????????
• ???????????
• Open-ended question
• Close question

43
?????????????????????

• ?????????????????????? ?????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????
• ??????????????? ?????? ?????????
• ????????????
• ?????????????????

44
???????????????

• ??????????????????
• ??????????????????????????
• ?????????????????? ??????????????????????
• ??????????????????? ??????????????????????????????
  ?
• ??????? ??????????????????? ??????????????????????
  ???? ?????????? ?????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????? ????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????????

45
???????????????

• ????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????
• ???????????????????? ? ????????????
  ??????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????????????

46
??????????????????

• ????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????? ????
• ??????????????????????????????????
• ????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????
• ???????????
• ??? e-mail
• ??????????????????

47
?????????? (Observation)

• ?????????? ???????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????? ???????????????????????????????
  ????????????????
• ??????????????
• ??????????? ? (activities)
• ??????? (messages)
• ???????????? (relationships)
• ??????? (Influence)

48
?????????????????????????

• ??????????????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????
• ?????????? checklist ???????????????
  ???????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????

49
??????????????????????????????????????????????

• ??????????????????????????????????????? ??????
• ??????????? (Time sampling) ????????????????????
  ?????????????????? ???????????????????????????????
  ? ???? ?????????????????? ??????????????? 5 ?????
  ??????? 10 ???? ??????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????

50
??????????????????????????????????????????????

• ???????????????? (event sampling)
  ????????????????????????????????????????? ????
  ???????????????????????????? ?????????????????
  ???????? ????????????? ????????????????????????
  ???????

51
???????????????????????????????? ???????????????
??????????? ????????????????
????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ? ???
??????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ?????????????????????????????? ?
52
????????????????????????

• ???????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????? ? ??????????????????????
  ???? ???????????????? ??????????

53
????????????????????????????????

• ??????????????????????
• ????????????? / ??????????
• ????????? / ????????????
• ??????????? / ??????????????
• ??????????? / ?????????????
• ??????? / ?????
• ???????????? / ?????
• ???????????????????? / ??????????
• ????????? / ??????????
• ???????????????????? / ???????????????
• ??????????????? / ?????????????????????

54
??????????????????????????????????????
(Structures Observation Of The Environment
STORE )

• Office Location
• ?????????????????????????????????????????? ????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????
• Placement of the decision makers desk
• ????????????????????? ???????????????????????????
  ??????? ???? ?????????????????????????????????????
  ?? ???????????? ??????????????????????????????????
  ???????? ??????????????????????????????

55
??????????????????????????????????????
(Structures Observation Of The Environment
STORE )

• Stationary office equipment
• ???????????????? ????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????? ?????????????????????????????????????
• Props
• ??????????? ? ????????? ?????
• Trade journals and newspaper
• ???????????? ??????
• Office lighting and color
• ?????????????????
• Clothing worn by decision makers
• ?????????????? ?????? ????????

56
?????? (Documentation)

• ?????????????????????
• ???????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????
• ???????????????
• ???????????????????
• ????????????????????????????????????????
• ?????? ??????????????????

57
?????????????

• ???????????????????? (procedure)
• ??????????????????????????
• ????????????
• ????????????????????????? ?
• ?????
• ??????????
• ?????????

• ??????
• ???????????????????????????????????????????????
• ???????????????????
• ??????
• ???????????????

58
Prototyping

• ???????????? Prototype
• ????? user ???????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????? Prototype

59
???????????????? Prototype

1. ?????????????????????????????????????
2. ??????????????????????????????????????????? ? ??
3. ??????????????????????????????????????
4. ?????????????? ? ?????????????????????????????????
   ?????????????????????????