South Africa

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South Africa
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South Africa

• British colony.
• 1910 South Africa granted self-rule
• 1994
• Minority of whites governed the nation
• 16 white
• 70 black
• (the rest are a mix of various populations)

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Apartheid

• Legal system that created a rigid separation of
  races.

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Origins of Apartheid

• 1948
• Nationalist Party
• Afrikaners/Boers
• White farmers - conservative
• Descendants of Dutch settlers who held strong
  views on white superiority.
• Nationalists strengthened segregation.

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Apartheid

• Classification System
• White
• Free
• Could vote
• Black
• Coloured (people of mixed race)
• Asian
• Any NON-white could not vote and had restrictions
  on where one could travel and live.

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Apartheid

• 4/5 of South Africa belonged to the white
  minority.
• This included rich farmlands, areas with mineral
  wealth, and other land containing value.
• Townships
• Many non-white groups were restricted to live in
  areas where the land was not as valuable. These
  areas became known as townships.

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Homelands - Bantustans

• South African blacks were stripped of their
  citizenship, legally becoming citizens of one of
  ten tribally based and nominally self-governing
  Bantustans (tribal homelands)
• The homelands occupied relatively small and
  economically unproductive areas of the country.
• Example
• Zulus Xhosas
• Located to dry infertile areas

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Apartheid Justification

• Allowed each group to develop its own culture.

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Strict Laws

• Pass Laws
• All black South Africans living in a town or city
  must carry a passbook.
• Passbook
• Record of
• Where one could travel or work
• Tax payments
• Record of criminal convictions
• Had to be carried AT ALL TIMES and produced ON
  DEMAND.

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Apartheid

• Enforcing a system of inequality
• Blacks could not
• Ride on a white bus
• Swim on a white beach
• Eat at white restaurants
• Black schools received less funding
• Created a lower literacy rate amongst blacks

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Sharpeville Massacre

• South African police open fire killing more than
  60 people.

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African National Congress

• ANC
• Opposition group to apartheid government.
• Nelson Mandela
• Sentenced to life in prison in 1964
• Later would be freed and become the first black
  African president of South Africa.

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Afrikaans

• Language of white South Africans who are
  descended from Dutch settlers.
• Black school students protested the teaching of
  Afrikaans in schools.
• Police respond with violence
• Protests spread

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Reformers

• Nelson Mandela ANC
• Leader of the ANC influencial anti-apartheid
  activist. Later, first fully African-elected
  President of South Africa
• Archbishop Desmond Tutu
• Anglican Archbishop
• Won Nobel Peace Prize for being an outspoken
  anti-apartheid activist.
• Steve Biko
• Student leader, anti-apartheid activist.
• Died from massive head injuries inflicted by
  South African police
• though police claimed he died as a result of a
  prolonged hunger strike.

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International Pressure

• South Africa
• United Nations places an arms embargo
• Olympic Committee banned South Africans from
  competition
• Faced economic sanctions (cut-off trade)
• United States was one.

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Sanctions in Action

• Economic sanctions
• Slowed South African economy
• This motivated white South African business
  owners to move toward change.

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The Beginning of the End of Apartheid

• 1980s
• Pass Laws Repealed
• Un-segregated some facilities
• F.W. de Klerk South Africas President
• Lifted the ban on the ANC
• Freed Nelson Mandela from prison
• Began to hold talks with black leaders

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A New Constitution

• Blacks given basic rights.
• Vote
• Run for political office
• Dissolve travel and living restrictions.

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Nelson Mandela

• First fully-elected African President of South
  Africa
• Member of ANC
• Faces opposition from the Ikantha Freedom Party
• Small group of whites opposed to reforms.

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Review

• What were the Pass Laws?
• Define apartheid
• What were blacks given under the new South
  African Constitution?
• Who was Nelson Mandela?
• Name 3 Anti-Apartheid activists.
• Who was F.W. de Klerk?
• Explain how international pressure led to changes
  in South Africa.