???? ????? ??????????? pH ) ( : -

1
????? ??????????? ????????

• ???? ?????? ??????? ??????

2

• ???? ????? ??????????? pH ) ( -
• ?????????? ?????? ??????
  ?????? ?????????? ( ( H ?? ???????.

3
??????

• 1 ? ?????? ???? pH ????? ?? ????? ??????
  ?????????? H
• 2 ? ?????? ???? pH ????? ?? ????? ??????
  ??????????? - OH
• 3? ??? pH ???????? ?? ??? ??? 14

4

• 4? ??? pH ??????? ??????? ?? ???
  ??? ??? ?? 7
• 5 ? ??? pH ??????? ??????? ?? ????????
  ???? ?? 7 ??? 14
• 6 ? ??? pH ???????? ????????? 7

5
????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? pH

• ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????
  ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????
  ????
• ??? 7
  14

6
??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????????
??????? ??? ??????? ?????
?????? ?????
HCl ??? ?????????????
HBr ??? ?????????????
HI ??? ????????????
HClO4 ??? ??????????
HNO3 ??? ????????
H2SO4 ??? ?????????
7
??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????
???
?????? ?????
NaOH ????????? ????????
KOH ????????? ??????????
Ca(OH)2 ????????? ?????????
Ba(OH)2 ????????? ????????
Sr(OH)2 ????????? ????????????
8

• ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? pH
  -
• 1- ?????? ????????? , ?????????
  ????????? , ???
  ???????? ??????? ??????????
• 
  
  

?????? ?????????
??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????
pH 7
????????? ?????????
????? ????? ??? ???? pH gt 7

9
??? ????????

• ??? ??? ???? pH lt 7

?????? ??????????
??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???
???? pH gt 7
??? ????????
??????? ? ?????
??
?????? ?????????
??
?????? ??????????
????????? ?????????
??
?????? ????????
10

• 2- ???????? ???????? , ????????? ???????? ,
  ?????? ????????? , ??? ????????
• - ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????
  ???? pH gt 7
• - ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? pH
  gt 7

11

• - ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ??????
  ????? ???? pH lt 7
• - ??? ???????? ???? ???? pH lt 7
• ??????? - ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????
  ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???????? .

12
3-CH3COOK NaCl CH3COOH - NH4OH

• CH3COOK - ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????
  ???? pH gt 7
• NaCl - ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????
  pH 7

13

• CH3HOOH - ??? ???? ???? pH lt 7
• NH4OH - ????? ????? ???? pH gt 7

??????? -
CH3COOH ?? NaCl ?? CH3COOK ??
NH4OH
14
4 - HCl Na2CO3 KCl AlCl3

• HCl - ??? ??? ???? pH lt 7
• Na2CO3 - ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????
  ???? pH gt 7

15

• KCl - ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? pH 7
• AlCl3 - ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????
  ???? pH lt 7

??????? - HCl ?? AlCl3 ?? KCl ?? Na2CO3
16
??????? ???????

• ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????
• ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???