Japan

1
Chapter 20
American Imperialism
2
Japan Section 1

• The United States could not trade with Japan
  because Japan blocked outside trade, and barred
  foreigners from entering and leaving the country.
• Commodore Matthew Perrys mission was to open
  trade with Japan,
• Commodore Perry sailed warships into Tokyo Bay.
  The Japanese were awed by his powerful ships and
  menacing guns.
• As a result, the Japanese signed a treaty opening
  Japan for trade.
• The effect on Japan they became an industrial
  nation.

3
Alaska

• Secretary of State William Seward bought Alaska
  from Russia for 7.2 million in 1867.
• Saw it as a stepping stone for trade with Asia
  and
• Pacific.
• Many people called Alaska Sewards Folly
  because they thought it was a frozen wasteland.
• They changed their tune when valuable discoveries
  of gold led to the Klondike and Alaska gold
  rushes of 1897-1898.

4
The Expansionist Mood

• In the late 1800s, the idea of expansionism
  replaced isolationism.
• Historian Frederick Jackson Turner concluded
  that the American Frontier was gone.
• Europes policy of expansionism sparked Americas
  interest -
• American leaders thought if the United States did
  not act soon, it might be shut out of foreign
  markets and denied resources.

5
Expansionism (cont.)

• Alfred T. Mahan said that future U.S. prosperity
  depended on building up trade and the key was a
  powerful navy.
• Many Americans believed they had a divine duty to
  spread Christian values and western civilization
  around the world.

6
Gaining Footholds in the Pacific Pacific Islands

• Hawaii
• In 1887, U.S. planters forced the Hawaiian king
  to accept a new constitution.
• Queen Liliuokalani refused to recognize the
  constitution.
• On July 7, 1898, the U.S. Congress voted to make
  Hawaii a U.S. territory Hawaii was annexed.

• Samoa
• Besides the United States, Germany and Britain
  wanted possession of Samoa.
• After a typhoon prevented a war, Germany and the
  U.S. divided Samoa.

7
The Boxer Rebellion

• A secret Chinese society, called the Boxers tried
  to expel foreigners.
• Outside powers crushed the rebellion. To prevent
  other powers from seizing more Chinese territory,
  Secretary of State John Hay issued a second Open
  Door Policy to preserve trade and keep foreign
  nations from dividing China into separate pieces.

8
Chap. 20 Sec. 2
9
Spanish-American War Causes
Effects

• Spanish began a policy of reconcentration.
• Americans called for the U.S. government to
  intervene in Cuba.

• Cubans rose up against Spanish rule in 1895
• Many Americans were sympathetic toward Cuba.
  Others wanted to safeguard American investments
  in Cuba.

10
(No Transcript)
11
Causes

• Yellow journalists wrote sensational stories
  about Spanish cruelty.
• William Randolph Hearst focused on Cuba for his
  stories.

12
Remember the Maine!

• Americans blamed Spain for sinking the U.S.
  battleship USS Maine, killing 260 men.
• (Effect Americans called for the United States
  to declare war on Spain.)

13

• Spanish-American War Causes Effects
• Deweys warships sank the Spanish squadron at
  Manila Bay, Philippines.
• With help from Emilio Aguinaldo, Dewey seized
  Manila.
• Effect The United States gained control of the
  Philippine Islands.

14
Causes Effects

• Teddy Roosevelt and his Rough Riders, along with
  2 black regiments led charge up San Juan Hill.
• In a battle along the Cuban coast, U.S. ships
  destroyed the Spanish fleet.

• Later Spanish soldiers at Santiago surrendered.
• Spain surrendered Cuba two weeks later.

15
Cause/Effect End of War

• Spain and the United States signed a peace
  treaty.

• Terms of Treaty
• Spain accepted Cuban independence.
• Spain granted Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Guam
  and Wake Island to the United States.
• The United States paid
• 20 million.

16
Causes Effects

• The United States forced Cuba to add the Platt
  Amendment to its constitution.

• Limited Cubas abilities to make treaties or
  borrow money.
• Gave the United States the right to intervene
  in Cuban affairs.
• Allowed the United States to a base in Guantanamo
  Bay.

17
Causes Effects

• Gave Puerto Ricans limited self-rule.
• After 3 years of fighting, Emilio Aguinaldo was
  captured and fighting came to an end.
• Puerto Rico is still a commonwealth of the U.S.

• The Foraker Act of 1900 was passed setting up
  a government in Puerto Rico.
• Filipino rebels renewed their fight for
  independence.

18
Chap. 20, Section 3
19
The United States and Panama

• In 1902, the United States wanted to build a
  canal across Panama linking the Pacific and
  Atlantic oceans.
• After helping Panama win its independence from
  Colombia, the United States and Panama signed a
  treaty that gave the United States permanent use
  and control of a 10-mile wide zone across the
  Isthmus of Panama.
• An isthmus is a narrow strip of land connecting
  two large land masses.
• In return, the United States paid Panama 10
  million plus 250,000 a year in rent.

20
Map of Isthmus of Panama (isthmus), Panama
21

• Construction of the Panama Canal began in 1904
  and was completed in 1914.
• The biggest obstacle was disease - malaria and
  yellow fever. Over 6,000 workers died.

22
Roosevelts Foreign Policy

• Roosevelt wanted the world to know that the
  United States would not hesitate to use force if
  diplomacy failed.
• In 1904, European nations considered military
  force in the Dominican Republic. Roosevelt
  wanted to prevent this. He announced a new policy
  that became known as the Roosevelt Corollary to
  the Monroe Doctrine.
• This policy stated that the United States had the
  right to exercise an international police force
  to restore order in disputes between U.S.
  neighbors and foreign nations.

23

• Big Stick Diplomacy - political cartoon"the new
  diplomacy" is on Roosevelt's nightstickHe is
  depicted as a police officer exercising
  international police power

• "Speak softly and carry a big stick,
• you will go far"

24

• Later, the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe
  Doctrine declared that the United States would
  exercise "international police power" to get
  Latin American nations to honor their financial
  commitments. 
• Americans began to be concerned when British,
  German, and Italian gunboats blockaded
  Venezuelas ports in 1902 because the Venezuelan
  government defaulted on its debts to foreign
  bondholders. European intervention in Latin
  America would undermine America's dominance in
  the region.
• As part of his annual address to Congress in
  1904, President Theodore Roosevelt stated that in
  keeping with the Monroe Doctrine the United
  States was justified in exercising "international
  police power" to put an end to chronic unrest or
  wrongdoing in the Western Hemisphere. This came
  to be called the Roosevelt Corollary. Ironically,
  the Monroe Doctrine's purpose had been to prevent
  intervention in the internal affairs of Latin
  American countries. The Roosevelt Corollary
  sought to justify such intervention whenever the
  American government thought it was necessary.
• It wasn't long before the corollary was put into
  action. The Dominican Republic could not pay its
  debts and to protect American interests the
  United States took over the customs houses and
  established a customs receivership.
• Roosevelt was fond of the African proverb, "Speak
  softly and carry a big stick, you will go far."
  His foreign policy style has come to be called
  Big Stick diplomacy.

25
Tafts Dollar Diplomacy

• Dollar diplomacy was based on the idea that
  economic ties were the best way to expand
  American influence.
• As a result, American bankers and business
  leaders invested heavily in Asia and Latin
  America.
• Dollar diplomacy led to U.S. military
  intervention in Nicaragua, Haiti, and Honduras.

26
(No Transcript)
27
Woodrow Wilsons Foreign Policy

• Wilson believed that U.S. foreign policy should
  support and nurture democracy throughout the
  world.
• After Porfirio Diaz was overthrown, Wilsons
  policy toward Mexico was one of watchful
  waiting.
• In 1914, Wilson intervened in Veracruz, Mexico
  and sent the Navy in after American soldiers were
  arrested in Tampico.
• In 1916, the United States was drawn into Mexican
  affairs again when Poncho Villas rebels raided
  and burned the town of Columbus, New Mexico.

28

• The United States responded by sending soldiers
  into Mexico to pursue Villa.
• Troops led by General John J. Pershing, later
  withdrew.
• This episode poisoned relations with Mexico for
  years.
• Add to notes Europes policy of expansionism
  sparked Americas interest in expanding because
  we were afraid we would be left out.

29
Test Review
Who Wants to be a Millionaire?