Title: Psychological disorder
1Psychological disorder
- What is abnormal behavior? What is
- meant by a psychological disorder?
- A harmful dysfunction judged to be
- Atypical outside of norms (deviance model)
- Disturbing - varies with time and culture
- Maladaptive
- Harmful
- Unjustifiable
- Resource Discovering Psychology Updated Edition
2Historical Perspective
- Demonological view
- Possession by evil spirits.
- Movement of moon (lunacy)
- Treatments
- Exorcism, beaten, trephined, castrated,
mutilated, and killed - Later mental asylums were used like prisons to
keep the afflicted away from society (bethlehem
bedlam)
3Psychological Disorders
- Formerly two major divisions
- Neurotic Disorder (term seldom used now) Usually
distressing but that allows one to think
rationally and function socially - Psychotic Disorder Person loses contact with
reality. Experiences irrational ideas and
distorted perceptions
4Psychological Models
- Medical/Biological model
- Physiological or biochemical basis
- Concept that diseases have physical cause
- Psychoanalytic model
- Disorders are the result of unconscious conflicts
- Cognitive-Behavioral model
- Disorders are the result of learning maladaptive
ways of behaving and thinking - Diathesis-Stress model
- Biological predisposition to disorder which is
triggered by stress - Systems theory (BioPsychoSocial model)
- Biological, psychological, and socio-cultural
risk factors combine to produce psychological
disorders
5Prevalence of Disorders Some Stats
- Harvard Medical School estimates 46 of Americans
will experience a psychological disorder in their
lifetime (appx 150 million Americans), Kessler
and Wang, 2008
6Psychological Disorders--Etiology
- DSM-V
- American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 recently
replaced the DSM-IV-TR - Widely used system for classifying psychological
disorders into major categories Clinical guide - Major Criticisms?
- Diagnostic labeling (Rosenhan Study)
- Pathologizing normal behaviors (thresholds for
diagnosis)? - Overdiagnosis
7DSM-5
- The DSM-5 replaced the Multi-Axial System and now
has 3 sections - Section 1 Introduction and instructions on how to
use the new version - Section 2 Diagnostic categories
- Section 3 Conditions that need additional
research, a glossary of terms, and other
important information - The DSM 5
8Some Disorder Categories in DSM-5
- Anxiety Disorders
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
- Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders
- Depressive Disorders
- Bipolar and Related Disorders
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders- Intellectual
disability categories (eliminates use of mental
retardation) - Schizophrenic Spectrum and other Psychotic
Disorders - Disassociative Disorders
- Somatic Symptom Disorder
- Personality Disorders
9Anxiety Disorders
- Anxiety Disorders Any disorder in which anxiety
or avoidance of anxiety motivates abnormal
behavior - Generalized Anxiety Disorder Tension,
apprehension, and state of autonomic arousal - Panic Disorder Acute episodes of intense dread.
Terror, accompanying chest pain, choking, or
other frightening sensations - Phobia Persistent, irrational fear of a specific
object or situation. Common phobias? - Agoraphobia
- Social Anxiety
- Separation Anxiety
- Selective Mutism
10Anxiety Disorders
- Common and uncommon fears
11Explaining Anxiety Disorders
- Freudian view (Psychodynamic) Repression of
painful and intolerable ideas, feelings, and
thoughts, results in anxiety - Learning perspective Conditioning causes anxiety.
Anxiety becomes associated with other objects or
events through observation (and generalization)
and is reinforced. - Cognitive perspective Misinterpretation and
errors in cognition - Biological perspective
- Genes may be partly responsible for developing
fears and anxiety. (Twin studies and temperament) - Evoutionary/Natural Selection has led our
ancestors to learn to fear snakes, spiders, and
other animals. Fear preserves the species - Neuroscientific explanations. Brain regions and
chemistry
12Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders (New
Chapter/Category in DSM-5) - Characterized by obsessions (repetitive thoughts)
and/or compulsions (repetitive behaviors) - Four new OC disorders were added to DSM-5
including Hoarding and Excoriation Disorder - Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Trichotillomania
now fall under OCDRD - Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders (New
Chapter) - Post Traumatic Stress Disorder - Recurring
episodes of anxiety following a stress event
symptoms include haunting memories, withdrawal,
anxiety, and depression - Reactive Attachment, Acute Stress, and Adjustment
D/Os
13Depressive Disorders (formerly under Mood
Disorders)
- Major Depressive Disorder A person experiences
two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of
worthlessness, and diminished interest or
pleasure in most activities - Depression is the common cold of psychological
disorders - 5.8 of men and 9.5 of women report
depression worldwide a year (WHO, 2002) - Usually goes away in time (even without
treatment, although treatment can speed up
recovery) - Persistent Depressive Disorder (formerly
Dysthymic Disorder)
14Persistent Depressive Disorder (formerly
Dysthymic Disorder)
- A long-term, low-level depression while not
debilitating, it is characterized by low
self-esteem and a persistent sense of
hopelessness for a period of two years. People
with PDD may also experience low energy,
indecisiveness, insomnia or excessive sleeping,
and a change in appetite.
15Perspectives on Depression
- Genetic Influences Depressive disorders run in
families. Rates of depression are much higher in
identical (50) than fraternal twins (20) - Biological perspective Brain and
neurotransmitters the role of serotonin,
dopamine and epinephrine - Social-Cognitive Depression causes negative
thinking AND negative thinking causes depression
16Neurotransmitters Depression
A deficit of serotonin, (norepinephrine and
dopamine) has been found in depression
Pre-synaptic Neuron
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Post-synaptic Neuron
17Social-Cognitive Perspective
The social-cognitive perspective suggests that
depression arises partly from self-defeating
beliefs and negative explanatory styles
18Bipolar Disorder and Related Disorders (New
Chapter-formerly a Mood DO)
- Bipolar Disorder (Condition in which a person
alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy
of depression and the overexcited state of mania
(once aka manic-depressive disorder). See
handout - Manic Episode A disorder marked by a hyperactive,
wildly optimistic state - New diagnosis Disruptive Mood Disregulation
Disorder for children up to 18 -
19Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Various categories marked by neurological and
developmental issues (new and revised conditions) - Intellectual Disability (no longer mental
retardation) - Communication Disorders
- Autism Spectrum Disorders
- Global Developmental Disorder
- Tic Disorders (Tourettes, e.g.)
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Disruptive, Impulse Control and Conduct Disorders
(new category) characterized by problems in
emotional and behavioral self-control
20Dissociative Disorders
- Dissociative Disorders Conscious awareness
becomes separated (dissociated) from previous
memories, thoughts, and feelings (See handout) - Dissociative amnesia
- Dissociative fugue
- Depersonalization disorder
- Dissociative Identity Disorder Rare disorder in
which a person exhibits two or more distinct and
alternating personalities (once multiple
personality disorder)
21Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders (formerly
Somatoform)
- Physical symptoms without any physical cause.
Person experiences symptoms as real (Pain
disorder) - Conversion disorder (hysteria)
- La belle indifference
- Freud/Psychodynamic - Symptoms related to
traumatic experience in the past - Cognitive-Social - Ways in which the behavior is
being rewarded - Biological perspective - Real physical illnesses
that are misdiagnosed or overlooked. Many
disorders eliminated from DSM 5 to avoid overlap
with medical conditions
22Schizophrenic Spectrum and Other Psychotic
Disorders
- Schizophrenia literal translation split mind,
therefore often it is often confused with DID
(formerly MPD). Severe disorders characterized by - Disorganized and delusional thinking and
hallucinations - Disturbed perceptions
- Inappropriate emotions and actions
- The Brain
23Schizophrenic Spectrum and Other Psychotic
Disorders
- DSM-5 Revisions
- Subtypes under DSM-IVTR are eliminated
- Symptoms required for diagnosis have been changed
24Schizophrenia Interesting facts
Nearly 1 in a 100 suffer from schizophrenia.
Worldwide over 24 million people suffer from this
disease (WHO, 2002)
Schizophrenia strikes young people as they mature
into adults (adult onset). It affects men and
women equally, but men suffer from it more
severely than women
- When schizophrenia is slow to develop
(chronic/process) recovery is doubtful. Such
schizophrenics usually display negative symptoms
When schizophrenia rapidly develops
(acute/reactive) recovery is better. Such
schizophrenics usually show positive symptoms
25Symptoms of Schizophrenia
- Schizophrenics have inappropriate symptoms
(hallucinations, disorganized thinking,
delusional thinking) that are not present in
normal individuals. These are called positive
symptoms
Schizophrenics also have an absence of
appropriate symptoms or behaviors (apathy,
expressionless faces flat affect, rigid bodies)
that are present in normal individuals. These
are called negative symptoms worse prognosis,
less responsive to drugs
26Schizophrenia
27Understanding Schizophrenia
- Schizophrenia is a disease of the brain exhibited
by the symptoms of the mind
Dopamine Overactivity Researchers have found that
schizophrenic patients express higher levels of
dopamine D4 receptors in their brains
28AP Essay 2007
- Often misunderstood, schizophrenia is a
psychological disorder affecting one percent of
the population. In addition to treating the
disorder psychologists work to identify its
nature and origins. - Identify two characteristic symptoms used to
diagnose schizophrenia. - Discuss a research finding that supports a
genetic basis for schizophrenia. - What is the dopamine hypothesis regarding the
origins of schizophrenia? - Describe how medications used to treat
schizophrenia affect the actions of
neurotransmitters at the synapses. - Identify a risk inherent in using medications
in the treatment of schizophrenia - People sometimes confuse schizophrenia with
disassociative identity disorder (DID). Identify
two key characteristics that differentiate DID
from schizophrenia.
29Personality Disorders
- All PDs are characterized by inflexible and
enduring behavior patterns that impair social
functioning - The DSM-5 retained a hybrid methodology
emphasizing six personality disorder types - Borderline Personality Disorder
- Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
- Avoidant Personality Disorder
- Schizotypal Personality Disorder
- Antisocial Personality Disorder
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder
- Personality Disorders Fact Sheet (DSM5)
30Personality Disorders
- Antisocial Personality Disorder
- Disorder in which the person exhibits a lack of
conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends
and family members - May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con
artist. - Patients formerly referred to as psychopaths or
sociopaths
31Personality Disorders
- Cluster A (odd or eccentric disorders)
- Paranoid personality disorder
- Schizoid personality disorder
- Schizotypal personality disorder
- Cluster B (dramatic, emotional, or erratic
disorders) - Antisocial personality disorder
- Borderline personality disorder
- Histrionic personality disorder
- Narcissistic personality disorder