The Cold War

1
The Cold War

• Strategy of Containment

2
NSC 68 Blueprint for Cold War Strategy

• National Security Council Report - April 1950
• Based on the Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, and
  George Kennans Containment Strategy.
• Threat from Soviet Union
• Leads the global advance of international
  communism.
• NSC 68 We must, by means of a rapid and
  sustained build-up of the political, economic,
  and military strength of the free world, and by
  means of an affirmative program intended to wrest
  the initiative from the Soviet Union, confront it
  with convincing evidence of the determination and
  ability of the free world to frustrate the
  Kremlin design of a world dominated by its will.
• Korean War - National Security Council believes
  the perception of the communist threat is
  confirmed.

3
Korea (1945-1950)

• U.S. Response to WWII
• Hasty Demobilization
• Meager Defense Spending
• Weakened U.S, Military power, as well as its
  ability to contain communism.

4
Korea (1945-50)

• U.S. Line of Defense excludes Korea and Taiwan.
• U.S.-Japan Peace Treaty to withdrawal U.S.
  occupational forces.
• Soviets see this as an opportunity to seize
  control of Korea.
• Russia builds up a formidable N. Korean military
  force.
• S. Korea is unprepared.

5
Korea (1945-50)

• N. Korea
• 130,000 armed men.
• 100,000 reserves.
• 150 Soviet tanks.
• 180 WWII Soviet combat planes.

• S. Korea
• 94,000 men (recent recruits), not ready for
  combat.
• 0 Tanks.
• 0 Artillery.
• 0 Aircraft.

6
Korea (1945-50)

• Little U.S. support.
• Most of American military power had been
  withdrawn or committed to NATO.
• Fortunately, N. Koreas Navy consisted of only 45
  small craft.
• December 1945
• Moscow Conference U.S., U.K., and U.S.S.R meet
  with the objective of unifying Korea under a
  provisional Korean Democratic Government.
• Talks fail, as do all other efforts.
• U.S. takes Korean unification issue to the United
  Nations.

7
American Withdrawal from Korea (1949)

• Nov. 14, 1947 General Assembly calls for
  elections to be held throughout Korea, under the
  observation of the UN.
• Elections will select a National Assembly to
  draft a democratic constitution and establish a
  national government.
• Soviets deny UN permission to enter its zone.
• May 10, 1948 Elections held in S. Korea.
• Constitution for the Republic of Korea is
  adopted, and Syngman Rhee is elected President.
• UN recognizes the new government as the only
  lawful government.
• U.S. completes the withdrawal of its military
  forces on June 29, 1949.

8
(No Transcript)
9
The Korean War

• Communist North Korea
• Kim Il Sung
• South Korea (Pro - U.S.)
• Syngman Rhee
• 25 June 1950 -- North Korea invades South
  Korea.
• Truman orders U.S. troops from Japan to defend S.
  Korea.
• United Nations Security Council Resolution - 27
  June.
• Called upon member nations to render such
  assistance to the Republic of Korea as may be
  necessary to repel the armed attack and to
  restore international peace and security to the
  area.
• No veto - Soviet Union boycotts Security Council
  meeting.
• General Douglas MacArthur
• Commander in Chief - United Nations Command.
• Had ships of the U.S. Seventh Fleet available.

10
Course of the War - 1950

• Fall of Seoul to North Korean Army.
• U.S. conventional forces inadequate to stop
  advance.
• Pusan Perimeter - Defensive lines in South
  Korea.
• U.S. landings at Inchon.
• MacArthur wins support of U.S. leadership.
• Reliance on element of surprise.
• Geography of Inchon not suitable for amphibious
  assault.
• 1st Marine Division and 7th Infantry Division
  retake Seoul.
• North Koreans driven to Yalu River border with
  China.
• Communist China enters the war - November 1950.
• Large offensive forces retreat of U.S. forces.

11
(No Transcript)
12
Pusan Harbor July 1950U.S. Navy -Establishes
control of sea lines of
communication.
13
Korean Civilians- Tens of Thousands killed
by North Korean Army- No Gun Ri Massacre - U.S.
Army forces fire on Korean civilians infiltrated
by North Korean soldiers.
14
Inchon - Wolmi Do
15
Inchon
16
Frozen Chosin FirstMarine Division

• Advances to the Chosin Reservoir.
• Attacked by eight Communist Chinese divisions.
• Legendary retreat to Hungnam.
• General O.P. Smith
• Gentlemen, we are not retreating. We are merely
  advancing in another direction.
• 100,000 troops and equipment evacuated by Seventh
  Fleet ships.

17
(No Transcript)
18
(No Transcript)
19
(No Transcript)
20
(No Transcript)
21
(No Transcript)
22
Course of the War -- 1951-53

• Maneuver warfare replaced by trench warfare -
  1951.
• Front is relatively stationary for the next two
  years.
• MacArthur relieved of duty by Truman - 11 April
  1951.
• Threatened bombing of China.
• Policy contradicted instructions from Truman.
• General Matthew Ridgway replaces MacArthur.
• Peace talks begin at Panmunjom.
• 1953 Armistice yields permanent division of
  Korea.
• Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) established near 38th
  parallel.
• Still no peace treaty in 2013.

23
Korea Divided

• Peoples Democratic
• Republic of Korea
• (North Korea)
• Closed society under communist dictatorship.
• Soviet and Chinese aid.

• Republic of Korea
• (South Korea)
• U.S. Ally - Large military presence maintained.

24
(No Transcript)
25
(No Transcript)
26
Navy and Marines in the Korean War

• Continuous Seventh Fleet support.
• Blockade of Korea.
• Logistics.
• Naval gunfire support.
• Air power Close air support and interdiction
  missions.
• New U.S. jet aircraft counter Soviet MiG-15s.
• U.S. exercised total command of the seas for
  entire war.
• Invasion at Inchon
• MacArthur The Navy and Marines have never
  shone more brightly than this morning.
• Marine retreat from Frozen Chosin Reservoir.

27
F9F Panther
28
Korean WarNavy

• Naval decline reversed.
• Accelerated shipbuilding.
• Personnel strength doubled.
• Reactivation of mothballed World War II ships.
• Development begins on a new generation of ships
• Forrestal-class carriers with jet aircraft.
• Nuclear-powered submarines USS Nautilus.
• Power-projection capabilities of the U.S. Navy.
• Close Air Support
• Interdiction
• Amphibious Operations
• Logistics
• Strategic bombing/massive retaliation theory
  disproved.

29
USS Nautilus (SSN 571)

• Commissioned September 1954.
• First nuclear-powered submarine.
• First submarine to cruise under the North Pole.

30
PresidentDwight D. Eisenhower

• Elected 1952
• Administration increases military funding after
  the Korean War.