The Struggle for Justice at Home

1
The Struggle for Justice at Home

• Chapter 25 Section 4
• Angela Brown

2
Discrimination Continues

• Jim Crow Laws Continue
• De facto segregation in the North was still in
  force.
• De Juro segregation continues in the south.

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Economic Discrimination

• 1 out of 5 African Americans were jobless in
  1941.
• Government agencies honored employers requests of
  whites only.
• 2 million migrated North in the 1940s.

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Substandard Housing

• 1941 survey showed 50 African Americans vs. only
  14 white houses to be substandard.

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Riots in Detroit

• June 1943 riots in Detriots
• 34 killed
• Millions of worth of damage
• Spurred by fear and resentment.

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Soldiers and Segregation

• Troops were segregated.
• Kansas restaurant served German prisoners of war
  but would not serve African American GIs in
  uniform.

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Double V Campaign
http//www.yurasko.net/vv/index.html

• 1942 poll should 6 out of 10 white Americans felt
  African Americans were satisfied with their
  existing conditions.
• The Government mirrored this attitude.
• Pittsburgh Courier (African American Newspaper)
  launched campaign in 1942.
• The first v for victory against the Axis powers
  the second for victory in equality at home.

9
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

• 1942 Chicago - believed in using nonviolent
  techniques to end racism.
• Organized its first sit-ins at Jack Spratt Coffee
  House refused to leave until everyone was
  served
• Jack Spratts discriminatory policies ended.
• The technique spread to other cities

10
Union

• Unions did not accept African American members
• Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters railway
  union (most railroad maids and porters were
  black).
• 1932 won higher wages and cut working hours and
  travel requirements.

11
A. Phillip Randolph

• Planned a massive march on Washington for July,
  1941 to protest factory discrimination.
• FDR concerned about the effect on national unity
  signed Executive Order 8802.
• Randolph called off the march.

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Executive Order 8802

• Opened Jobs and job training programs to all
  Americans in defense plants.
• Set up the Fair Employment Practices Committee
  (FEPC) to hear complaints about job
  discrimination in defense industries and the
  government.

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A. Philip Randolph

• After the war, became Vice-President of the AFL
  and CIO in 1955.
• Directed the 1963 March on Washington
• Stood beside Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. as he
  gave his I have a Dream speech to 200,000
  people.

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Adam Clayton Powell, Jr

• Charismatic minister from Harlem
• 1944 became one of only two African Americans in
  Congress.
• Powell Amendments called for the cut-off of
  federal funds to any organization that practiced
  racial discrimination.

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15
Mexican Americans

• Faced discrimination but gained new job
  opportunities in the defense industries.
• Bracero workers
• 1942 agreement provided transportation, food,
  shelter, and medical care for workers.

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• 1942 1947 200,000 Mexican Farm Workers came to
  work in Bracero Program.
• Lived in Spanish-speaking neighborhoods called
  braceros.

• 1940s Mexican Americans wore long draped jackets
  and baggy pants with tight cuffs - and a slicked
  back ducktail haircut.

17
Zoot Suit Riots
http//www.fiftiesweb.com/fashion/ducktail.htm

• Look offended people.
• Sailors on leave hunted and beat them for
  un-American look.
• June 1943 street fighting turned into riots.

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• Papers blamed the Mexicans.
• Police arrested the Mexicans.
• Army and Navy restricted soldiers off-duty access
  to Los Angeles.

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Native Americans

• Many joined the armed forces or moved to cities
  and joined the defense industry.
• They had to adapt quickly to white culture. Most
  did not return to reservations after the war.
• The Cultural transition brought a sense of having
  lost their roots.

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Japanese Americans

• 127,000 Japanese lived in the U.S. in 1941. Most
  lived on the West Coast.
• 2/3 were Nisei (people born in the U.S. of
  parents who had emigrated from Japan)
• Prejudice was strong.

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ic.html
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• Hostility grew into hatred and hysteria.
• Rumors of sabotage and the press left Americans
  feeling that Japanese spies were everywhere.

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Japanese Relocation

• Feb. 19, 1942 FDR signed executive order 9066.
• It authorized the Sec. of War to establish
  military zones on the west coast and remove any
  or all persons from such zones.

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ites/northeastpage/safarik/ internmentpage.html
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• Foreign born Italians and Germans were forced to
  move away from the coast but those orders were
  soon changed.

24
The War Relocation Authority

• Purpose to set up and move out everyone of
  Japanese Ancestry.
• 110,000 citizens and non-citizens were placed in
  Internment camps.

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• Many Japanese lost businesses, farms, homes, and
  other property most lost everything.

26
Manzanar

• Wooden barracks
• One room per family
• Barbed Wire
• Armed guards

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• Japanese Americans provided most of Californias
  produce.
• Their internment (farmers and grocers) threw
  parts of Californias agriculture sector into
  chaos.
• Lost their primary supply of fruits and
  vegetables.

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Legal Challenges

• Four cases eventually reached the Supreme Court
  challenging the Internment policy.
• The Supreme Court ruled wartime relocation was
  unconstitutional.
• Korematsu v U.S. (1944) majority opinion said
  military urgency of the situation demanded all
  citizens of Japanese ancestry be segregated
  temporarily.
• The dissenting opinion stated internment was an
  an obvious racial discrimination.

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• In 1945 Internees were allowed to leave the camp.
• Some returned home.
• Most others had lost everything.
• Americans came to believe internment was an
  injustice.

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• In 1988 Congress awarded each surviving Japanese
  American Internee a tax-free payment of 20,000
  and officially apologized.

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Nisei Soldiers

• 20,000 served in the armed forces.
• 1200 volunteered from relocation centers.
• The 442nd regimental combat team fought in France
  and Germany.
• They won more medals for bravery than any other
  unit in U.S. History.

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